How does the writer make you sympathize with one of the following characters in the Yellow wallpaper? Essay

In the story, â€Å"The Yellow Wall Paper†, by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, a woman tells her story. It is told by a narrator in first person who we do not know the name. She has been diagnosed with a temporary nervous depression. The setting is around the early 1900’s in a colonial mansion that the narrator and her husband have rented. She spends most of her time in her bedroom, writing, where there is also a mysterious wallpaper. In this story, there are many points where I would feel sympathy for the narrator which I will now bring to light. First of all, back then in Victorian times, the relationship between men and women were very different compared to present time. Today, most women desire equality with their partner. The reader never even learns the name of the narrator, possibly to give the illusion that she could be any woman. On the very first page, Gilman illustrates the male dominating society and relationship. It was normal for men to think that they were the gender who knew when, what, how and why to do things. The narrator’s husband, John is a doctor who’s words and actions reflect the stereotype I previously mentioned: â€Å"John laughs at me, of course, but one expects that in marriage†. This statement illustrates the way gender, at that time, was relevant. This makes me feel pity for the narrator who is oppressed by the circumstances of that time making her illness get worse. Another factor is that John doesn’t believe that his wife is sick, while she is really suffering from her illness. He neglects to listen to his wife about her thoughts, feelings and health. According to him, there is not anything wrong with his wife except for the temporary illness, which should not be serious. The narrator says that the house â€Å"Is quite alone, standing well back from the road†. It is an isolation which John is having her to suffer. By closing her off from the rest of the world, he is taking her away from things that are important to her mental state, such as her ability to read and write, her need for human interaction and to make her own decisions. All of these are important to people. This also makes me feel sympathy towards the narrator who is not given the right to live the way she should. John treats her like a child and infantilises everything. â€Å"The windows are barred† and also when John says â€Å"What is it little girl? †¦Don’t go walking about like that – you’ll get cold.† are both quotes which show this child-like way of treating the narrator. This makes me feel again pity for her because it is as if John was superior to everything and that crying, for a girl in those times, was a sign of weakness. Throughout the beginning of the story, the narrator tends to follow the idea that men are always right: â€Å"It is so hard to talk to John about my case, because he is so wise and because he loves me so.† In a good relationship, each partner should be able to express one’s own thoughts and feelings. In this case though, the narrator feels that she can not tell him what she feels so as not to upset him and make him mad. When the narrator does attempt to have a discussion with John, she ends up crying and not being able to express herself. This shows how at that time, men were supposed to be respected and that women were somehow considered useless. This is very upsetting and irritating, making the reader want to change the story. This is a few ways that the writer makes me sympathise with the narrator. The period she is living in and especially her husband highly contribute to this. You notice that they are not a really good couple and that John is careless with her.

Culture and Substance Abuse

The juvenile justice and the adolescent treatment systems have various linkages that can be looked at for long term sustainability. A linkage between various serving agencies is one of the most notable system linkages. As far as system linkages are concerned, building positive relationships is always existent between the two. This has been done for an effective system to ensure that there are positive outcomes based on the correlation that exists (Antai-Otong, 2008, p. 17). There is a lot of appropriate supervision to ensure that juveniles and adolescents are transformed. This has been done by sharing information that can be used as time goes by to turn around both juveniles and adolescents. Cross system coordination has also existed as an important linkage that can be employed for long term sustainability. To ensure that system linkages are effective, there are a lot of community coordination links. Facilities are also a system linkage between the juvenile justice and the adolescent training system. There is no difference between juveniles and adolescents and this means that the system is linked by programs that will involve everybody (Copeman, 2003, p. 6). Another system linkage is research and practice that ensures that the needs of the juvenile justice and the adolescent training system are catered for. The legal system is also linked to ensure that cases are effectively dealt with. Question Two Treatment of substance abuse for juvenile offenders requires a lot of planning for efficiency. This means that there are a lot of clinical and programmati c issues that are involved in planning for treatment. Direct inquiries are made in relation to the treatment that will be offered to ensure that everything is well planned for. Design controlled clinical treatment is another aspect that is done in advance to ensure that juvenile offenders are attended to in specific reference to their problem. Everything needs to be designed from the beginning to ensure that there will be efficiency in treatment for juvenile offenders (Siegel, 2005, p. 19). An upward bound program is designed as far as clinical and programmatic issues are concerned to ensure that there is proper planning. Some of these aspects might include a counseling program that is always effective in ensuring that uveniles who have been abusing drugs are recovering well. Treatment planning is an issue that needs to be put into consideration with an aim of placing good guidelines that will guide the whole process. Before a placement plan is developed, there is need to do a behavioral observation on juveniles. This is because there might be some behavioral problems that might make it impossible to achieve effective treatment (Rang, 2003, p. 34). Juvenile offenders are supposed to be grouped in relation to their substance abuse needs and this is another issue as far as planning for treatment is concerned. Question Three Supportive programs and services are some of the factors that have been used to engage hard to reach adolescent populations. This is because some of these populations are always violent meaning that they are supposed to be approached cautiously. Voluntary counseling is a good approach to reach hard to find adolescent populations (Sullivan, 2001, p. 47). This ensures that they are positively influenced without creating any problem in relation to their general well being and welfare. Identification of specific characteristics in a given population is another factor that has always been used to engage hard to reach adolescents. As a matter of fact, identification of challenges is very important to ensure that a good program is designed for long term sustainability. Conclusion It is undeniable that drugs and substance abuse have become a very important element of youth culture as time goes by. In this case, the abuse of drugs has become a normal trend among the youths thereby forming a culture amongst them. This means that drugs give youths an identity from the rest who do not use drugs. All this withstanding, drugs will continue to play an integral part in youth culture (Copeman, 2003, p. 31). This is because they consider it as a normal thing and aspect of their lives. As a matter of fact, young guys who attend parties consider drugs as a must have. There are youths who are experimenting with drugs to fit in a given group and this could be because of peer pressure. This is what they consider as culture but it has occasionally led to substance abuse in the long run.

Affirmative Action Initiative in South Africa

Affirmative Action Initiative in South Africa Affirmative action is an initiative adopted by the South African government, which seeks to correct the imbalance of wealth and provide opportunities to the people who were adversely affected as a result of the apartheid regime. It has created a situation where organizations are required to meet specific employment targets for persons of colour in order to operate to the satisfaction of the state. As a result, these people are able to participate in the corporate environment at an accelerated rate. On the contrary, many white South Africans are finding it difficult to obtain their most select employment. The efficiency of affirmative action is best analyzed by assessing its objective of promoting black representation in the workplace and comparing it to empirical evidence. Figures provided by the government indicate that the unemployment rate has steadily declined annually since the inception of the study (September 2001). The September 2007 average unemployment rate of 23% is signi ficantly lower than 29.4% in September 2001. This provides evidence that the policy is doing well to provide work to more South Africans. (www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P0210/P0210September2007.pdf) However, a more in-depth study reveals the change in unemployment rates amongst each population group. The best results have been for black people with a decline from approximately 35% (September 2001) to 26.8% (September 2007). The Indian people in the country also improved from approximately 19% to 10% over the same period. White and coloured unemployment rates have remained relatively static over this period at approximately 5% and 20% respectively. This bodes well for black and Indian people and is a strong indicator that affirmative action is achieving its goals. The policy seems to be failing in its attempt to compensate the coloured population. (www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P0210/P0210September2007.pdf) However, there are problems that are emerging from affirmative action tha t is having a detrimental effect on the performance on enterprises and the overall success of the economy. The instantaneous and rapid enactment of affirmative action has seen unqualified persons attaining important positions. Many of these people were/are incapable of fulfilling the roles they have been assigned. This has a negative impact on, firstly, the corporation employing these people as they incur costs without the required level of service from their employees. It also adversely affects the consumer, who is dependant upon those employed by organizations to make the best decisions in order to obtain maximum reward. A situation exists whereby unskilled employees are filling skilled positions. (www.sairr.org.za/press-office/institute-opinion) Another concern is that many white South Africans are leaving the country, resulting in a major shortage of fundamental skills. The South African Institute of Race Relations (SAIRR) revealed that between 1995 and 2005, one million white S outh Africans moved abroad. The lack of adequate services has left the country in desperate need of professionals. These people also served as mentors/teachers to inexperienced employees and accelerated their development in the organizations thus exacerbating the problem of their departure. (www.fin24.com/articles/default/display_article) Many contend that a weakness of the affirmative action policy is that it creates a minority of rich black people and does not help the rest (www.new.bbc.co.uk). The majority of the black population are unskilled workers without educations. These people are likely to struggle even with affirmative action in place as their employment options are limited to low income earning sectors due to educational and language problems. It is anticipated that the current generation of black children will reap the benefits of the policy. The government has put facilities in place to ensure these people are schooled and can attain funding for universities. These ar e the real beneficiaries of the system as their employment options are diverse. It would therefore seem that the efficiency of affirmative action should only be interpreted to a significant extent when the current black youth reaches adulthood.

International Legal and Ethical Issues in Business Assignment

International Legal and Ethical Issues in Business - Assignment Example (Recall.gov, 2010) The other aspect that needs highlighting is that the company must not violate the ethical and normative rules of business by pushing defective products into the market. Hence, I would stress on the damage to the company’s reputation and consequently to the bottom line apart from issues of ethics and responsibility. In case where defective products have been shipped to the customers, I would deal with care and caution as there are multiple issues involved here. First, customers have to be informed in a manner that would not alarm them and also alert them as to the steps that the company is taking to ensure the recall or replacement of defective products. At the same time, the customers should not perceive the company in a bad light and hence, the communication regarding the recall or replacement of the defective products must be done in a responsible and honest manner. Honesty is especially important as the trust that has been built up by the company must not be lost. Hence, I would assure the customers of the company’s resolve not to repeat the occurrence of defective products being sold. Further, I would invite them or the representatives of consumer watchdogs to come and visit our facilities to see for themselves the steps being taken by us to ensure that we sell only quality products . (Wired.com, 2010) The answer to this question flows from the last few sentences of the previous answer. First, I would take to task the employees responsible for the situation and ensure that key personnel who are in charge abide by the company’s directives and are committed to the vision and mission of the company. Next, I would immediately order a review of the processes and procedures and remove any bottlenecks that are holding up quality. Finally, I would direct the marketing and corporate communications departments to convey and communicate the company’s resolve not to repeat the same in a clear

Medium Research Methodology Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Medium Methodology - Research Paper Example A quantitative approach was adopted for this study. It was vital to impose primary demands on the data collection. This is in order to study and know how the British national newspapers have constructed ‘binge drinking’ as a social problem. The research study is primarily and mainly dealing with how have the British national newspapers constructed ‘binge drinking’ as a social problem and not generalized approaches (Iwere, 2010). Additionally, the relationships between the variables will be analyzed in great detail by the research. The analysis will include testing the variation effect within factors which influence the British national newspapers to construct ‘binge drinking’ as a social problem. The approach (quantitative) was the most suitable approach for the study since the research question required needed a statistical answer and solution. Critcher, (pg. 154) stated that a quantitative study approach is often characterized by statistical measurements and figures whereas a qualitative approach is best suited for research questions which require a descriptive solution and answer. The research focused on finding the coverage of a small sample of British newspapers on binge drinking. Consequently, a quantitative paradigm was used to collect data for the research because it is more relevant and suitable. This was made up of newspaper articles which were meant and aimed to illustrate the findings of the study from the perspective of the research participant. To satisfy the demands of depth, the need for detailed information or data about binge drinking and the British media necessitated the use of more newspaper articles. Also, the use of many articles enabled the study to come up with reliable results and information.

Green Technology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Green Technology - Research Paper Example With the rapidly decreasing natural resources replete, people are concerned if one Earth would be sufficient to meet the needs of humans in the near future. There is obviously no choice as this Earth is all we have to manage our resources in. Therefore, people all over the world are being encouraged to live green. Living green means adopting all ways and means in everyday life that would make minimum use of the natural resources and would be environment friendly. In order to facilitate people, the contemporary research and development is largely directed at developing green technology. â€Å"The field of "green technology" encompasses a continuously evolving group of methods and materials, from techniques for generating energy to non-toxic cleaning products† (Green Technology, 2010). This paper aims at discussing some of the most significant elements of green technology. Renewable energy sources Renewable energy is a kind of energy which is retrieved from such natural sources as geothermal heat, sunlight, wind, rain, and tides. Most of the times, projects of renewable energy are executed on a grand scale but renewable energy is equally usable in rural and backward areas. Kenya, a small country that has the largest rate of solar ownership for residential communities in the whole world sells as many as 30,000 units of solar power that have a capacity between 20 and 100 watts per annum (Renewable Solar Energy, 2011). Although some technologies that produce renewable energy are deemed unreliable, yet the growth in the market of renewable energy is steady. There are several forms of renewable energy that include but are not limited to wind power. Wind has been employed as a source of energy for a long period of time. Chinese have been making use of wind for watering their crops almost for over 4000 years. Sailors have also used wind to make journeys. Wind energy can be captured w ith the help of a tower that has a big propeller top that stands at considerable height from the sea level. The propeller’s circular motion because of wind generates electricity. Magnitude of electricity produced can be increased manifolds by building several towers and using them simultaneously. Open fields, coastal regions, hill tops and any areas with frequent and large air currents are the most appropriate areas for the construction of wind turbines. Electric vehicles Electric vehicles or electric cars do not use gasoline engines unlike the regular cars. A controller provides the electric motor with the energy for regulating the power according to the way driver manipulates the accelerator pedal. The batteries of electric vehicles are rechargeable. Common domestic electricity available in the houses can be used to charge these batteries. Electric motors are employed to drive electric vehicles. Rechargeable battery packs are used to run the electric motors. Electric motors offer considerable benefits in comparison to the internal combustion engines (ICEs). To power the wheels, as much as 75 per cent of the chemical energy stored in the batteries is converted by the electric motors. This percentage of conversion of chemical energy into gasoline is reduced to 20 when internal combustion engines (ICEs) are employed as converters instead of electric motors. Electric vehicles are friendly to the environment in that they do not emit any pollutants from the tailpipe, though some pollutants may be emitted from the power plant that generates the electricity. No air pollution whatsoever is produced by the electricity generated from the wind powered plants, hydro powered plants, solar powered plants and nuclear powered plants. The operation of

To what extent would you agree with the view that the protagonist of Essay

To what extent would you agree with the view that the protagonist of Poe's stories is language itself, and the structure of the tale is its hero discuss with r - Essay Example This internal battle causes Wilson to go insane and eventually attempt to murder a man who looks and acts just like him because he believes that this will reacquire his identity for him. Each of these stories has a protagonist that can be representative of language as a whole because each of them is battling against other forces who are trying to regulate their language. Dupin does not wish to be bound by the conventional rules of investigation, just like many do not like to be bound by the conventional rules of language, so he becomes an innovator in his field, which leads to him solving the crime. Wilson, on the other hand, believes that his own person language is being threatened and so he acts violently in order to protect it. Each of these characters represent language because language, while constantly evolving, must also be protected from external factors, otherwise we will all eventually end up speaking and writing exactly alike. In the story ‘The Murders in the Rue Morgue,’ by Edgar Allan Poe, the protagonist is an expert detective named C Auguste Dupin. Poe is often credited with creating the genre of detective fiction that is present today, as he â€Å"introduced three common motifs of detective fiction: the wrongly suspected man, the crime in the locked room, and the solution by unexpected means. Dupin solved the crime by reading the evidence better than the police did and by noticing clues that they had neglected, thus highlighting the importance of inference and observation†1. This story’s use of language focuses on both Dupin and the narrator, who is an overly sympathetic figure and does not believe that Dupin can do any wrong. Dupin forms the plot of this story around his belief that the Paris police department has not done all that it can do to solve this crime. He uses his power of observation to recognize clues at the crime scene

Economic Indicators in the Oil Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Economic Indicators in the Oil Industry - Essay Example The six economic indicators selected are inflation rate, unemployment rate, real gross domestic product per capita, population growth rate, amount of housing & vehicles in comparison with population size, and consumer spending. Inflation is an indicator that determines the stability of an economic system. The desired state is to have a low inflation rate. A currency that is possibly the most stable monetary unit as far as having a historical low inflation is the U.S. dollar. On the flip side a high inflation is bad sign since it implies the customer is losing a lot of purchasing power over time. A high inflation could lead to disaster and an escalation to hyperinflation which is a chaotic economic state whose latest victim is the African nation of Zimbabwe (CultureGrams, 2007). The unemployment rate of country provides insight into how many potential customer there may be for a particular product. A person without employment has a limited budget thus can not spend much on consumer products. A low unemployment rate is a rate that hovers around five percent or below. The real gross domestic product of a nation per capita provides information about how much money each person in community represents for the economic system. The higher the better the economy, but this numeric figure must be compared against the cost of living of the inhabitants of the region. The population growth rate provides insight into how big a specific marketplace will become in the future. The population growth rate is low in China due to the 1979 one child per matrimony restriction, in other parts of the world such as Latin America the population growth rate high, for example the population of Mexico is expected to grow by a cumulative 50% by the year 2030 (Whitbeck, 1999). The last two economic indicators that will discuss are consumer consumption and the total housing and vehicle units in comparison with the population of

Persussive Speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Persussive Speech - Essay Example I will briefly discuss how adoption of technology, especially in the business sector, influences positive changes. One way is that technology has brought about the innovation if machines and equipment that works automatically. Work automation is a process that seeks to reduce the amount of work done by employees and the time used to accomplish a task (Comin & Miesteri, 2010). By implementing the adoption of technology, work becomes achievable in minimal time and with little labor force. However, technology compares not at all to the need for human labor and is therefore, not a replacement to employees. In other words, automation puts fewer burdens on employees by reducing their workload. As a result, workers focus on other projects and achieve better quality output plus doing so in a shorter time. Consequently, introduction of technology in the organization provides easy storage. With the need to document every single process, the amount of paperwork in the company increases by the day. With limited space, storage becomes a burden. Nevertheless, technology provides a solution for virtual storage of documents in secure clouds. This greatly reduces the need for hardcopy paper work thus saving on storage space. Moreover, the need to hire storage space from outside diminishes significantly saving on costs. Technology also spearheads the organization’s target to improve security of information, a vital requirement in any organization’s success. Information stored virtually, allows access only to authorized individuals through password protection. Furthermore, enhancing security within the network by using protocols that encode classified data diminishes security threats especially during transmission of data. Very importantly, virtual storage of data in clouds creates data backup. Therefore, any information lost or unintentionally deleted becomes retrievable via data recovery methods. This in turn, creates credibility for a firm because of proper and

Barabas Role in the Jew of Malta Essay Example for Free

Barabas Role in the Jew of Malta Essay Christopher Marlow was born in 1564, as William Shakespeare. This play was probably written in 1589; however, it was not actually published until 1633, after Marlowes death in 1593 when he was just 29 years old. This play was performed for many years and had a great influence on Shakespeare’s The Venice Merchant. †¢1. Summary of the play The play is set on the island of Malta in the Mediterranean Sea. Calymath (the Turkish prince) arrives to exact Maltas tribute which has been accumulated to a considerable sum. Ferneze (Maltese governor) cannot pay the tribute immediately, but he promises to pay within a month. After the Turks leave, Ferneze decides to collect the needed money from the Jews of Malta: each Jew must give up half of his fortune. Barabas complains strongly, so his full fortune is confiscated. The Jew tries to keep part of his fortune which was hided in his mansion. Having confessed falsely, Abigail was admitted in the nunnery (formerly Barabas mansion) and recovered her fathers hidden fortune. Meanwhile, the Spanish Martin Del Bosco convinces Ferneze to break Maltas agreement with Turkey, promising to write the Spanish king for military help. Del Bosco also sells Ferneze his slaves, and Barabas ends up buying the Turkish slave Ithamore at the marketplace. At the marketplace, Barabas also runs into Mathias and Lodowick. Each young man desires to see Abigail, and Barabas promises his favours to each, but at the same time, Barabas is planning their death helped by Ithamore. Broken by his father’s selfishness and the death of her lover Mathias, Abigail on her own decides to enter the nunnery once again. Barabas, afraid that Abigail will betray him, poisons all the nuns included her own daughter Abigail who is the last to die. Before this, she manages to give friar Barnardino a written confession of her fathers crimes. Barnardino in companion with the friar Jacomo get to face Barabas and insinuate they know about the Jews crimes. In response, Barabas says that he would like to repent and become a Christian. Naturally, he will donate his huge fortune to whichever monastery he enters. The two friars, being from different monasteries, fight to win Barabas favour, each hoping to benefit from the Jew’s considerable fortune. Barabas once again has set a trap; he will kill both of the friars without arousing suspicion. Ithamore knows plenty of incriminating information. Once he is seduced by the courtesan Bellamira, Ithamore begins to blackmail Barabas with threats to confess if the Jew does not send him gold. In the last scene of the fourth act, Barabas arrives at Bellamiras house in the disguise of a French musician and poisons his blackmailers. Meanwhile, the Turkish Bashaws have arrived. In response to Fernezes refusal to pay, they declare war on Malta. In the final act, Ferneze prepares to defend Malta against the Turks. Ithamore, Bellamira, and her attendant Pilia Borza enter and all play their parts in revealing Barabas crimes, but the Jews poison takes effect and they all fall dead. Barabas meanwhile has been captured, but he pretends he is dead through the effect of a drug. He finds himself left outside the city walls. The Jew betrays Malta and leads the Turks into the city. He takes position as governor but he decides to return Malta to help Ferneze to massacre the Turkish forces. The Turkish troops also believed the Jews trick. But Ferneze turns the tables on Barabas at the last moment, and Barabas dies. Ferneze takes Calymath as a prisoner in order to ensure Maltas future safety. †¢2. About Barabas Barabas in the Jew of Malta is an extremely revengeful and ambitious character. He challenges the power with a great cunning. The accumulated tributes, Malta has to pay to the Turks, are more than this country can afford, that is why the governor of Malta is determined to ally to the Catholic Spain if this huge European power keep at bay to the Turks. Spain would take advantage of the sales of Turkish slaves in Malta and many other advantages in business. Malta wouldn’t have to pay the tribute to Turkey and could keep the money collected among its Jew population. This selfishness characterizes all the agreements between the Mediterranean governments. The word that designates these actions is â€Å"politics† and the Jew, Barabas, perceives this selfishness is the ruler’s main principle: â€Å"I, policie? That’s their profession, /and not simplicity as their suggest. † Besides, the rulers speak frankly about this, as we can see when Del Bosco is asked â€Å"what wind drives you in thus into Malta Rhode? And one of his Bashaws answered: â€Å"the wind that bloweth all the world besides, /desires of gold. † In this world in which each nation an d each man take care only of their own self-interest, the Jew of Malta appears at the beginning of the play as victim. Ferneze states Malta as the unique priority and states this:† to save the ruine of a multitude: /and better one want for a common good, then many perish for a private man†. But actually, their taxes on the Jews are hugely unfair. Moreover, Farneze, expect to keep the confiscated fortunes, once the alliance with Spain lets Malta to avoid the tributes that owes to the Turks. These unfair circumstances give Barabas the opportunity to create eloquent speeches against intolerance. He reproaches the Christians for using the scriptures to confirm the measures which go against the Jews: â€Å"What? Bring your scripture to confirm your wrongs? / Preach me not out of my possessions. /some Iewes are wicked, as all Christians are: / but say the tribe I descended of were all in general cast away for sinne, / shall I be tried by their transgression? / the man that dealeth righteously shall lieu: /and which of your can charge me otherwise? † The references to the bible in this extract emphasize how piteous he shows himself in this moment. Barabas is right when he calls â€Å"theft† and not â€Å"taxes† to the requisition of his wealth, and we cannot avoid feeling affected by his sad situation. The funny thing is that, as a Marlowe’s dramatic and moral strategy, in the prologue Barabas has been presented as the same Machiavelli and the Devil’s son, and Machiavelli in the prologue states this: †I count religion but a childish toy, /And hold there is no sinne but Ignorance†. At the very beginning, Barabas is shown as a unbelievable wealthy man and extremely shrewd and interested just in his own contentment. He is determined to let the Turks to invade Malta and slaughter everyone, he confesses in a soliloquy, if he would have the opportunity to get away with the situation. † I’le helpe to slay their children and their wiues, /to fire the churches, pull their houses downe. /take my goods too, and seize upon my lands. † He is completely decided to cheat on the others Jews; he also turns his back on his daughter when she abandons her loyalty to him. Later on we realize that his former speech about the sad situation of the Jews is just a theatrical trick created for the situation and refused in his soliloquies, he is a Jew because he was brought up as a Jew, but he is mainly a Maquiavelli and an immoral figure of vice. This vicious identity is clearer and clearer along the play, thus the Jew of Malta is developed more by disclosure of character than by change of personality. Barabas does not change but we progressively discover how he really is. Maybe the persecution ordered by Ferneze wakes in Barabas a desire of revenge, but he has always hated everyone and has always looked for his own benefit and survival using any means. His plan for kidnapping to her daughter and recovering his money hidden in his house, at that moment turned into a nunnery, results comprehensible and in fact Abigail shows herself decided to help him. However, when Barabas ignores Abigail happiness conspiring against her Christian lover Ludowick, just because he is the governor’s son and against Mathias, uses several strategies as the usury, extortion and persuasion which makes him an evil person even before the unfair tax of Farneze. Barabas boasts of his acts as we can read in the following line â€Å"Slew friend and enemy with my stratagems. † He considers Ithamore as one of his friends because: â€Å"why this is something: make account of me/ as of thy fellow; we are villainies both: Both circumcised, we hate Christian both† Here the dichotomy of motivation and unmotivated evil (a Samuel Tylor Coleridge’s expression) is evident in this combination of Judaism and pure evilness. Barabas’ vicious evilness is more and more present in his behaviour. Instead of sad laments, we can hear the satisfied laughter of Barabas who wants to solve skilfully all his plans. Abigail, who finds herself forgotten and rejected by her father; embraces Christian faith as she states â€Å"but I perceive there is no love on earth/ pitty in Iews, nor piety in Turkes. † As a punishment Barabas poisons every nun in the nunnery included her daughter. Barabas also cheats on the friar community taking advantage of their corruptness Barabas is a hypocrisy and disguise master, and he is surrounded by a group of thugs and courtesans that turn against him as the same time that he turns against them. His achievements in conspiracy and politics drives him to rule Malta, making agreements firstly with the Turks and then with Farneze. Brabas’ evilness is more persistent than even his own life as he lets us know: â€Å"Stand close, for here they come: why, is not this/ a kingly kinde of trade of purchase Townes/ by treachery, and sell ‘em by deceit? /Now tell me, worldlings, underneath the sunne, / If greater falsehood ever has bin doneâ€Å". Even in the moment of his death, when he is finally betrayed by Ferneze, he yearns for longing his wealth and domination and contemplating his Empire once more as we also saw in Faustus. †and had I but scap’d this stratagem, /I would have brought confusion on you all, / Damn Christians, dogges, and Turkish Infidels. † It is interesting how Marlowe gets Brabas’ huge ambition wakes in the readers a great admiration. There is no doubt that Barabas received a severe punishment when, at the end, he falls inside a caldron made by himself; he fell in his own trap and died shouting boastings and challenges. Anyway, this is an appropriate punishment for a life full of crimes. However, it is difficult to contemplate his end from an instructive and moral point of view because, Ferneze, his nemesis, is neither seen as virtuous character. Although he wants to look pious, (â€Å"No, Barabas, to staine our hands with blood / is farre from us and our profession†) he believes in his own policy, which has overcome Barabas evilness. He defeats Barabas by betraying him and then attributes his victory to God. This is an act typical of Maquiavelli’s disciple, who assigns the highest value to the State survival and uses religion as a mean for shaping the public opinion. If Farneze is an important figure in this play, is not because of his Christian virtue but because of his Maquiavellic virtue Maybe, Marlowe is inviting us to admire this shrewd governor whose policy ensures Malta’s survival and Barabas’ destruction. Marlowe destroys Barabas just for showing the strength of a really Maquiavellic strategist. Marlowe presents to his Elizabethan audiences a proposal which completely disagrees with any religious doctrine.

The Environmental Protection Agency

The Environmental Protection Agency The Environmental Protection Agency, or EPA, was founded on the premise to protect human health and the environment in 1970 under the Nixon administration (U.S Environmental Protection Agency). Since then, the federal government agency has put legislation and programs into action concerning our environment and our nations health. With the constant change in climate, population, and issues, the EPA has had to adapt to a growing concern from the public. The EPAs mission has remained to promote a healthy and safe environment, and they have initiated several programs nationwide to provide consumers with energy conserving products to reduce waste and conserve resources in America. Although the EPAs intention has been centered on the well being of the country from the start, the agency has received opposing opinions and controversy. Discussed in this paper will be three critical issues the EPA regulates, three voluntary programs put into action by the EPA, and some major conflicts the agen cy has faced since its introduction. Before the creation of the EPA, the federal government had no regulating control over environmental pollutants. Concerns of pollution sparked national attention after the 1969 fire on the Cuyahoga River in Ohio. Time magazine described the Cuyahoga as the river that oozes rather than flows and in which a person does not drown but decays (Great Lakes). Sending concern throughout the country about toxic waste and pollution, the Cuyahoga River incident began a chain of legislation including the Clean Water Act, and later the founding of the federal Environmental Protection Agency and the smaller Ohio Environmental Protection Agency. The Clean Water Act became the primary federal law in the United States battle with water pollution (Clean Water Act). The Cuyahoga River incident and legislation that followed was only the beginning of the governments involvement and concern with the environment. Before 1969 was Rachel Carsons research of the dangers of pesticides to our environment which s he published in her book Silent Spring in 1962. The biologist warned against the effects of DDT, a synthetic pesticide. Carsons early introduction of the dangers of pollution didnt spark public interest until the later 1960s after the Cuyahoga River incident. The American public began to react to the issue of pollution on the earth and by 1970 more than 50% of Americans were rating pollution a top issue (Harmon 34). Legislation continued to be passed in the late 1960s, including the Air Quality Act of 1967 which provided federal guidelines for monitoring and guarding the quality of air we breathe, but no national standards were set (Harmon 34). The government began to take control. In 1969, under the Nixon administration, President Richard M. Nixon created the Environmental Quality Council; a panel that would address pollution concerns and advise him the necessary actions. This was another step forward for government control of environmental pollution. Shortly after, Nixon signed Co ngress National Environmental Policy Act, or NEPA. The act required planners of new construction to review and study the environmental impacts of their projects. This led to the installation of the Environmental Protection Agency, collaborating smaller government programs and bureaus with different environmental concerns. Under a single umbrella agency, the EPA could now tackle the nations environmental issues. Following the passage of NEPA, the United States experienced its first Earth Day on April 22, 1970. Millions of Americans participated in demonstrations across the country to draw attention to the environmental problems. Soon after, local and state organizations were created to find solutions to the growing issue. The federal government also got its big break for environmental control when Nixon proposed the Reorganization Plan No. 3 to combat the fact that our national government today is not structured to make a coordinated attack on the pollutants which debase the air we b reathe, the water we drink, and the land that grows our food (Reorganization Plan). The Plan organized various aspects of existing federal departments including the Department of the Interior and the Department of Health to create a collaborated federal effort to establish and enforce environmental protection standards, conduct environmental research, provide assistance to others combating environmental pollution, and assist the CEQ in developing and recommending to the President new policies for environmental protection (Lewis). The Environmental Protection Agency proved a great move in the direction toward environmental awareness and protection for years to come. When Nixon created the EPA, he appointed William D. Ruckelshaus as the first head of the agency in 1970. Since then, a total of 12 administrators have led the EPA; including the current administrator Lisa P. Jackson who took over in 2009. Jackson was nominated in 2008 by Barack Obama for her experience in the field. Prior to her role as administrator, Jackson worked 16 years for the EPA, Chief of Staff in New Jersey during John S. Corzines term, and also the Commissioner of New Jerseys Department of Environmental Protection (DEP). Jackson was appointed in January of 2009, where she promised as Administrator, I will ensure EPAs efforts to address the environmental crises of today are rooted in three fundamental values: science-based policies and programs, adherence to the rule of law, and overwhelming transparency. By keeping faith with these values and unleashing innovative, forward-thinking approaches we can further protect neighborhoods and communities throughout the country (Jack son). As Administrator, Jackson stated seven priorities after her first year; taking action on climate change, improving air quality, assuring safety of chemicals, cleaning up EPAs committees, protecting Americas waters, expanding the conversation on environmentalism and working for environmental justice and building strong state and tribal partnerships (Jackson). The major issues the EPA tackles include air pollution, climate change, environmental emergencies, green living, health and safety, land and clean up, pesticides chemicals and toxics, waste, and water pollution. The three discussed will be air pollution, water pollution, and hazardous waste and toxins. Air pollution was a growing concern before the creation of the EPA, but since then the agency has passed legislation and founded programs to control this growing threat. EPAs mission on air pollution is to protect and improve air quality in order to avoid or mitigate the consequences of air pollutions harmful effects (Learn the Issues: Air). Among the first legislation pushed by the EPA was The Clean Air Act. The Clean Air Act is the law that defines EPAs responsibilities for protecting and improving the nations air quality and the stratospheric ozone layer (Clean Air Act). Initially created in 1963, the act has experienced its changes in 1970 and 1990 with the change in climate. The Clean Air Act was a serious step in the right direction for government involvement with the environment. By addressing air pollution, the EPA could enact standards ensuring the issue was under control. The amended Clean Air Act in 1990 proposed solutions for addressing acid rain, ozone depletion, and tox ic air pollution. This included vehicle emissions in which the EPA had to set control standards for. The Clean Air Act also required the EPA to set National Ambient Air Quality Standards for six common air pollutants. The six include ground-level ozone, particulate matter, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and lead. Of the six pollutants, particle pollution and ground-level ozone are the most widespread health threat according to the EPA (Six Common Air Pollutants). These severe pollutants are called criteria pollutants according to the because of their regulation of the human-health and/or environmentally based science-based guidelines for setting permissible levels (Six Common Air Pollutants). Another major issue addressed by the EPA is water pollution. The agency acknowledges water in coral reefs, drinking water, ground water, lakes, oceans and coastal estuaries, rivers and streams, storm water, wastewater, watersheds, and wetlands. Water is not only used for drinking, it also holds purpose for household needs, recreation, fishing, transportation and commerce. Like air pollution, water pollution was a concern long before the founding of the EPA. However, since its creation, the agency has supported legislation and created programs to keep our limited supply of water on earth clean. The EPAs mission for water pollution is [enforcing] federal clean water and safe drinking water laws, [providing] support for municipal wastewater treatment plants, and [taking] part in pollution prevention efforts aimed at protecting watersheds and sources of drinking water (Water Topics). The EPA issued substantial legislation with the passing of the Clean Water Act in 1970-80s, which include d the Federal Water Pollution Control Amendments of 1972, expanding on the Federal Water Pollution Control Amendments of 1948 and was further amended in the Clean Water Act of 1977 and the Water Quality Act of 1987. The Clean Water Act or CWA as it is referred was introduced around 1972 with the addition of the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES), which is still in existence today. The NPDES permitted a system for regulating point sources (EPA NPDES). These point sources included industrial facilities, municipal governments and other government facilities, and some agricultural facilities. By regulating the pollutants from these major sources and homes across the country, the EPA is able to significantly improve the quality of our nations water. Another important piece of legislation pushed by the EPA is the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) passed in 1974. With a number of threats to drinking water: improperly disposed of chemicals, animal wastes, pesticides, human wastes, wastes injected deep underground, and naturally-occurring substances it is no question this act is completely necessary in our country (Safe Drinking Water Act). Amendments were made to the original act including in 1986 and 1996 which required actions to protect drinking water and its sources: rivers, lakes, reservoirs, springs, and ground water wells (Safe Drinking Water Act). The SDWA affects every single public water system in the country and according to the EPA, there are more than 160,000 public water systems providing water to Americans every day. The EPA and its programs work every day to ensure the safety of our drinking water and the water that surrounds us for our health and well being. Another huge, and more recent, issue among the EPA is toxic and hazardous waste. As defined by the EPA, hazardous waste is a liquid, solid, contained gas, or sludge waste that contains properties that are dangerous or potentially harmful to human health or the environment (Wastes). Because of the introduction of chemicals and engineered unnatural substances and bi-products of industry, the EPA has had to address the growing issue. Major legislation passed concerning hazardous waste was in 1976 with the passage of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, commonly known as RCRA. RCRA was approved by Congress to to address the increasing problems the nation faced from our growing volume of municipal and industrial waste (History of RCRA). RCRA provided national standards for protecting human health and the environment from the potential hazards of waste disposal, conserving energy and natural resources, reducing the amount of waste generated, and ensuring that wastes are managed in a n environmentally-sound manner (History of RCRA). By creating these standards, the RCRA was able to manage Americas growing waste crisis. To promote this, the RCRA enacted three programs; a solid waste program, a hazardous waste program, and an underground storage tank (UST) program. The RCRA also banned all open dumping of waste and encouraged responsible acts such as source reduction and recycling. The RCRA deals with current and future facilities and has been amended in two occasions; the Federal Facility Compliance Act of 1992 which strengthened enforcement of RCRA at federal facilities, and the Land Disposal Program Flexibility Act of 1996 which provided regulatory flexibility for specific wastes (History of RCRA). The EPA continues to strive to protect and ensure the safety of American citizens and the environment. Over the years, the EPA has created numerous programs, each devoted specific tasks including conserving energy, water, and air quality. These programs address modern issues that have been created recently concerning over-usage and waste of natural materials and energy. Efficiency has become a hot topic as programs like Energy Star, Water Sense, and fuel efficient cars have hit the market. Energy Star, one of the most successful EPA programs, was created in 1992 as a voluntary labeling program designed to identify and promote energy-efficient products to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (History: Energy Star). At its introduction, Energy Star began by labeling computers and monitors. By 1995, however, Energy Star labels were displayed on office equipment and even domestic heating and cooling appliances. In 1996, Energy Star progressed and partnered with the U.S Department of Energy to fully expand its energy efficient label. Saving Americans $18 billion in 2010 alone, Energy Star has become an innovative ally in the energy efficiency market. From dishwashers to light bulbs, Energy Star has created convenient blue energy saving labels for the American consumer. Saving energy isnt the only reward to using Energy Star products. Consumers who choose Energy Star products receive tax deductions as well as long term savings. According to the EPA, to rate an Energy Star label t he appliances as well as computers, lighting and about 50 other products generally use 20 to 30 percent less energy than required by federal standards (Tugend). By supplying newer, more energy efficient products and appliances, old ones can also be traded out for recycling. By taking away old appliances, Energy Star creates a convenient way to become green in America. Not only are consumers awarded for purchasing Energy Stat labels, but small businesses have also been recognized for efficiency. Annually, the EPA awards small businesses across the country for their energy saving efforts. In 2010, nine businesses were honored the award including AutoFair Companies of Manchester, N.H. and Dagher Engineering of New York, N.Y. According to a statement by the EPA, through effective energy management practices and innovative efficiency solutions, all nine organizations demonstrate that no matter the size, it is possible to save money and use significantly less energy and to power the bui ldings where Americans work, play, and learn (Kika). Energy Star continues to be a huge factor in energy conservation in the U.S today. A second program initiated by the EPA is Water Sense. Like Energy Star, Water Sense is a voluntary rather than a regulatory program. A more recent addition to the U.S, Water Sense was introduced in the summer of 2006 to protect the future of the U.Ss water supply. By educating the public on how to efficiently use the limited water available, Water Sense has been successful in conserving resources, limiting consumption, and saving U.S consumers money. Water Sense products include efficient toilets, faucets, and showerheads. Products that bear the Water Sense label are 20 percent more water efficient than the other products in their category. Since its creation in 2006, Water Sense has reported the program has helped consumers save a cumulative 46 billion gallons of water and $343 million in water and sewer bills (Program Accomplishments). Water Sense strives to help not only the average American consumer, but also businesses and corporations across the country conserve water. Manufact urers of brands like recent additions KB Homes and Moen have contributed to the Water Sense movement by raising their standards and meeting the Water Sense conservation requirements. Another vital program initiated by the EPA concerns fuel economy. The EPA and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) require labels displaying fuel economy information on new cars and light-duty trucks (Fuel Economy). By providing easy to read labels, cars and trucks can be easily compared for maximum miles per gallon efficiency (MPG). The EPA and NHTSA work to update these labels to provide consumers with the simplest energy and environmental comparisons between all vehicles types including electric vehicles (EV), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV), and conventional gasoline/diesel vehicles (Fuel Economy). These labels contain new information such as ratings on fuel economy, greenhouse gas emissions, and other air pollutants, onto the label as required by the Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007 (Fuel Economy). By providing details like these, consumers can conveniently scan and compare fuel economy and energy use of new cars and trucks to mak e the most sensible and economical decision. All three programs; Energy Star, Water Sense, and efforts with fuel economy all prove a step in the right direction for energy conservation and preservation in the U.S. The EPAs initiative and constant work to create modern and convenient products for the U.S consumer promote a better tomorrow for the environment and the health of our nation. Although the EPA has contributed tremendously to the preservation of our nations climate and health, the agency has been confronted with controversy. One specific instance of this was after the September 11th attacks in Lower Manhattan in New York City. The true air quality and health risks following the attack were disputed among government officials. At the center of it all was EPA Administrator Christie Todd Whitman. In a news article reporting the controversy it was stated that In a Sept. 13, 2001, press release, the EPA said the air around the disaster site was relatively safe (Barrett). This struck controversy after a series of health issues including was called the Ground Zero illness flooded victims and officials involved in the 9/11 attacks. The EPA played a key role in the nations response to the terrorist attacks including monitoring of air, water and dust for potential environmental hazards, the vacuuming of debris and dust from streets and other outdoor spaces in Lower M anhattan, the manual disposal of hazardous waste from the WTC site, the creation of an online database to report monitoring results to the public and press, setting up wash stations and providing protective equipment for recovery workers, and the development of cleaning and testing programs for indoor residences in Lower Manhattan (EPA Response to September 11). Despite these efforts, the EPA was still struck with a series of questions and hearings from the government and public as to the true condition of the air quality that September day. Some five to seven years after even the EPA was continued to be questioned as to the condition and experience of their employees and scientists and the condition of their political leadership. In a 60 Minutes special, former EPA Administrator Christine Todd Whitman spoke and defended the EPA and criticized NYC authorities for not enforcing proper safety regulations for the workers. The Environmental Protection Agency has given new hope to the word environment in America. By promoting green living, sustainability, conservation, and preservation, the EPA has given Americans a chance to save the nation for future generations. Initiating programs such as Energy Star, Water Sense and efforts with fuel economy, the EPA has proven they are committed to promoting health and well being in America. Even with rapid chance among the U.S, the EPA has jumpstarted legislation to combat the waste and pollution in the country and on earth. Legislation including the Clean Water Act, Clean Air Act, and efforts to reduce hazardous waste has proven the EPAs success across the nation. Even met by controversy, the EPA has held a tight grip on regulation and conservation throughout the country, and will continue to hold on for future generations. Furthermore, the EPAs mission has been to protect. An agency dedicated to conservation and preservation has rooted itself in American societ y. Without the Environmental Protection Agency, not only would America have a bigger mess on their hands, but as our health would be at risk as a nation as well.

Ambition in Macbeth Essay -- Macbeth essays

Ambition in Macbeth      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A key issue involved in Macbeth is ambition. Ambition is created when determination gets out of hand. It finds its most significant expressions in the plays two main characters, Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. The main reason why it all gets started is because of the witches' interference by putting suggestions into Macbeth's mind. Lady Macbeth's ambition forces him to act on these ambitions as well. The couple proves that unchecked ambition will ultimately destroy.    Macbeth is a brave man who is not naturally inclined to perform evil deeds, yet he desperately wants and desires power and succession. At the end, he is not happy with what he has accomplished, "I am afraid to think what I have done; look on `t again I dare not" (Shakespeare Macbeth 2.2.51-52). He kills Duncan against his own logical judgement and later drowns in paranoia and guilt. Macbeth is led to wicked thoughts by the prophecies of the three witches, especially after the witches' prophecy that he will be made Thane of Cawdor comes true. Macbeth is a powerful man and...

A Passage from Hamlet :: essays papers

A Passage from Hamlet Hamlet is probably the best known and most popular play of William Shakespeare, and it is natural for any person to question what makes Hamlet a great tragedy and why it receives such praises. The answer is in fact simple; it effectively arouses pity and fear in the audiences’ mind. The audience feels pity when they see a noble character experiencing a regrettable downfall because of his innate tragic flaw, and they fear that the same thing might happen to them. Hamlet’s speech (III, iv, 139-180) contributes to producing this feeling of pity and fear. First it explains the thought with particular emotional effectiveness. Second it conveys Hamlet’s character, both virtue and tragic fear. Lastly, it marks the beginning of the tragic discovery and Hamlet’s downfall, answering the question â€Å"why does Hamlet delay?† Observing the beginning of Hamlet’s downfall and tragic discovery in this passage, which happens despite his many virtues, maximizes the pity and fear at the same time. The first contribution is that this passage conveys Hamlet’s thoughts with poetic and emotional effectiveness. Hamlet denies his madness and urges Gertrude not to make his madness an excuse for her faults. He asserts that excuses would only cover the superficial faults and the soul would be corrupted deep within. He further asks Gertrude not to commit any more sins that make past faults even worse and to confess herself to heaven. After all, Hamlet sarcastically begs her pardon for his reproach. Hamlet explains that during the extremely rotten time, Hamlet, who is good and of virtue, must beg pardon to and get permission from Gertrude, who represents vice by committing many sins, to do good things such as urging her to repent. As a method for salvation, Hamlet asks her not to go to Claudius’ bed. Then he apologizes for the death of Polonius and admits his own fault. However, he insists that Polonius and he both are punished because God has made him the agent to punish Polonius with him and him with Polonius. He takes the responsibility, and explains Gertrude that he is cruel only to be kind to her and warns that worse things are yet to come. Through out the passage, imageries are used to add poetic emotion to Hamlet’s thought. One example is â€Å"unction† in Hamlet’s speech â€Å"Lay not that flattering unction to your soul†¦It will but skin and film the ulcerous place whiles rank corruption, mining all within, infects unseen.

Samuel Beckett and Waiting for Godot Essay -- Waiting for Godot Essays

Samuel Beckett and Waiting for Godot      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As much as any body of writing this century, the works of Samuel Beckett reflect an unflinching, even obsessive flirtation with universal void. His literary and dramatic accounts of skirmishes with nothingness portray human beings (generally beings, at least, beings more or less human and intact) situated in paradoxical, impossibly absurd circumstances.    Samuel Barclay Beckett was born in the comfortable Dublin suburb of Foxrock in 1906, on the 13th either of April, which was Good Friday that year, or else of May-he and his birth certificate always disagreed on this point. He was the second son of a fairly prosperous, middle-class, Protestant couple: his father was a contractor and his mother a former nurse. Beckett's education was conventional. When he was thirteen, his parents sent him to boarding school at the Portora Royal in Enniskillen, Northern Ireland. He studied classics, and was also quite successful at cricket, rugby, and swimming. In 1923, he entered Trinity College, Dublin, where he read Modern Languages. He was honored for high scholastic achievement upon receiving his BA degree in December 1927.    In 1928 he began a literary career as a professor and critic. He tutored French for two terms at Campbell College, Belfast, and later that year he began a two-year exchange fellowship at the École Normal Supà ©rieure in Paris. While in Paris he met his mentor-to-be, James Joyce, and he began to write and publish criticism and poetry. He returned to Dublin, where between 1930 and 1932 he took his MA degree and lectured in French at Trinity College. For the next several years, he wrote and ... ..., Deirdre. Samuel Beckett: A Biography. New York: Summit, 1990. Beckett Festival: Dublin 1-20 October. Official program book of the Beckett Festival, in conjunction with the 1991 Dublin Theatre Festival. Dublin: Beckett Festival, 1991. Beckett, Samuel. The Complete Dramatic Works. London: Faber and Faber, 1986. Beckett, Samuel. "Three Dialogues," transition 49, 5 (December 1949), pp. 97-103. In Samuel Beckett, A Collection of Critical Essays, ed. Martin Esslin (New York: Prentice Hall, 1965), 16-22; also in Ruby Cohn, Disjecta (New York, 1984), 138-45. Camus, Albert. The Myth of Sisyphus and Other Essays. New York: Vintage, 1955. Esslin, Martin. The Theatre of the Absurd. New York: Anchor, 1969. Kennedy, Andrew K. Samuel Beckett. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989. Lyons, Charles R. Samuel Beckett. New York: Grove, 1983.

Hobbes and Rawls on Justice

Hobbes and Rawls are essentially both Social Contract theory advocates. Since Rawls came later than Hobbes, it is no surprise that his ideas are a bit similar with those of Hobbes and other social contract theorists. However, the similarities are few and the differences in their ideas as a whole are vast.Hobbes writes in his Leviathan that before the establishment of the government or any ruling body, man was in a state of nature. Since no one’s ruling over everyone, the state of nature could essentially be a form of anarchy. In this state of nature, every individual has a natural right to do anything for his sake. For example, if someone wants an object belonging to another, there is nothing wrong if that person takes it; if a person wants to use someone’s body, he can do so without thinking of the harm he does to the person.Thus, everything immoral we think of today is valid in that state of nature. There is no justice in such a state since justice only exists when th ere is some form of law that covers everyone and which everyone abides by. This is where Hobbes’ two laws of nature comes in. The first is that all individuals should seek peace because otherwise, the only alternative is war. The second is that everyone should give up certain rights to be able to attain that peace. And for this law to to work, everyone in society should agree to it.Rawls, on the other hand, uses the term original position instead of the state of nature. In the original position, there is also no government, and the individuals are behind a veil of ignorance wherein they have no idea of themselves, their preferences and their position in society, unlike the people in Hobbes state of nature. Since Rawls also believes that each individual acts on self-interest, being behind such a veil while forming the social contract that will rule over them will help keep the contract from being beneficial for only the minority.After all, the social contract will affect all i n every way and thus, the individuals will design it in a manner so as not to risk placing themselves in an unfortunate position. Rawls say that they would then base their design on the maximin rule, summarize as each individual would choose a state that is the least unfortunate of all for them. A cake illustration simplifies things. Two individuals who want cake would agree that one cuts the cake once while the other chooses first.This will automatically guarantee that the cake will be cut evenly since the cutter wouldn’t want to end up with a smaller piece. To generalize, Rawls comes up with two basic principles of justice. First is that each person should have equal right to every liberty, like political liberty, freedom to hold property and speech, etc., as does everyone else, at the same time. The second is that inequalities, like wealth distribution and/or status, in society are okay only if it helps the least fortunate people in society and that each individual have eq ual opportunity to access it   (Jedicke).To relate, natural justice dictates that man is inherently good, a man with good intent should not be harmed and that man should treat others as he wants to be treated. The positive laws, often in contrast with natural law, were then established to help guide society. Although the statement that man is inherently good contradicts Hobbes’ view of man in the natural state, the natural law made by the governing body is like the social contract that everyone agreed upon to abide by.Since everyone is abiding by it, they’ve agreed to sacrifice certain rights they had in the state of nature. It cannot be helped, though, that some would still not give up and disobey the natural law, therefore committing a crime. If this was to be allowed to happen without due consequence, then everyone would stop abiding by the law and the world would revert back to the state of nature. Thus, punishing those who commit crime is only just for everyone who is keeping the law, since it is injustice when one does not keep it.The present society under democracy is the nearest consequence of how the social contract should be under Rawls’ justice. In a democracy, everyone is given equal right and opportunity for every liberty, all at the same time. Everyone is given the right to have education, thus the presence of public schools, because this will entail, in the end, that people would have equal opportunities for jobs. Unfortunately, it certainly isn’t happening completely and probably won’t happen completely. After all, the established laws were made by individuals who weren’t influenced by the veil of ignorance. Thus, as they made the present laws, even given that they made it to represent the will of the people, there would still be an injustice in that there would always be the probability that the law made were for the good of a few.Presently, it is obvious that a fair amount of Hobbes’ philosop hy, and of other people, on justice is present at the judicial proceedings and laws in many countries. Rawls’ may be on its way as many people, like politicians, are reading and being influenced by his work.Works CitedKay, Charles D. â€Å"Justice as Fairness.† 1997. 22 September 2007 Hobbes and Rawls on Justice Hobbes and Rawls are essentially both Social Contract theory advocates. Since Rawls came later than Hobbes, it is no surprise that his ideas are a bit similar with those of Hobbes and other social contract theorists. However, the similarities are few and the differences in their ideas as a whole are vast.Hobbes writes in his Leviathan that before the establishment of the government or any ruling body, man was in a state of nature. Since no one’s ruling over everyone, the state of nature could essentially be a form of anarchy. In this state of nature, every individual has a natural right to do anything for his sake. For example, if someone wants an object belonging to another, there is nothing wrong if that person takes it; if a person wants to use someone’s body, he can do so without thinking of the harm he does to the person.Thus, everything immoral we think of today is valid in that state of nature. There is no justice in such a state since justice only exists when th ere is some form of law that covers everyone and which everyone abides by. This is where Hobbes’ two laws of nature comes in. The first is that all individuals should seek peace because otherwise, the only alternative is war. The second is that everyone should give up certain rights to be able to attain that peace. And for this law to to work, everyone in society should agree to it.Rawls, on the other hand, uses the term original position instead of the state of nature. In the original position, there is also no government, and the individuals are behind a veil of ignorance wherein they have no idea of themselves, their preferences and their position in society, unlike the people in Hobbes state of nature.Since Rawls also believes that each individual acts on self-interest, being behind such a veil while forming the social contract that will rule over them will help keep the contract from being beneficial for only the minority. After all, the social contract will affect all i n every way and thus, the individuals will design it in a manner so as not to risk placing themselves in an unfortunate position. Rawls say that they would then base their design on the maximin rule, summarize as each individual would choose a state that is the least unfortunate of all for them.A cake illustration simplifies things. Two individuals who want cake would agree that one cuts the cake once while the other chooses first. This will automatically guarantee that the cake will be cut evenly since the cutter wouldn’t want to end up with a smaller piece. To generalize, Rawls comes up with two basic principles of justice. First is that each person should have equal right to every liberty, like political liberty, freedom to hold property and speech, etc., as does everyone else, at the same time. The second is that inequalities, like wealth distribution and/or status, in society are okay only if it helps the least fortunate people in society and that each individual have eq ual opportunity to access it   (Jedicke).To relate, natural justice dictates that man is inherently good, a man with good intent should not be harmed and that man should treat others as he wants to be treated. The positive laws, often in contrast with natural law, were then established to help guide society. Although the statement that man is inherently good contradicts Hobbes’ view of man in the natural state, the natural law made by the governing body is like the social contract that everyone agreed upon to abide by. Since everyone is abiding by it, they’ve agreed to sacrifice certain rights they had in the state of nature.It cannot be helped, though, that some would still not give up and disobey the natural law, therefore committing a crime. If this was to be allowed to happen without due consequence, then everyone would stop abiding by the law and the world would revert back to the state of nature. Thus, punishing those who commit crime is only just for everyone who is keeping the law, since it is injustice when one does not keep it.The present society under democracy is the nearest consequence of how the social contract should be under Rawls’ justice. In a democracy, everyone is given equal right and opportunity for every liberty, all at the same time. Everyone is given the right to have education, thus the presence of public schools, because this will entail, in the end, that people would have equal opportunities for jobs. Unfortunately, it certainly isn’t happening completely and probably won’t happen completely. After all, the established laws were made by individuals who weren’t influenced by the veil of ignorance. Thus, as they made the present laws, even given that they made it to represent the will of the people, there would still be an injustice in that there would always be the probability that the law made were for the good of a few.Presently, it is obvious that a fair amount of Hobbes’ philosop hy, and of other people, on justice is present at the judicial proceedings and laws in many countries. Rawls’ may be on its way as many people, like politicians, are reading and being influenced by his work.Works CitedKay, Charles D. â€Å"Justice as Fairness.† 1997. 22 September 2007

Historical Context of Barn Burning

William Faulkner’s â€Å"Barn Burning† takes a lot of real life cultural values and ways of southern life in the late 1800s. Many of those values and ways are expressed by sharecropping and tenant farming. Sharecropping and tenant farming began during the end of the Civil war all through the great depression. Sharecropping is an agreement between a tenant and a landlord in which a tenant farmer is allowed to work and live on a piece of land for free, but in exchange for living there for free, they give the landlord a share of the crop they grow.Sharecropping was mainly big in the southern states where slavery was once legal. The pay for being a tenant farmer was very low and the living itself was not very desirable. In Faulkner’s â€Å"Barn Burning† Abner Snopes is a white tenant farmer. He has this attitude that he should be given everything and should not be working as a sharecropper because he is white. At this time in history, many sharecroppers were f reed slaves. Snopes believed that because he was white, he shouldn’t be a sharecropper. Like many sharecropper at this time, Snopes had plenty debts that needed to paid off.Instead of paying off his debts, Snopes decide to burn down his landowner’s barns. This leads Snopes and his family to move from county to county. This was a very common life for sharecroppers at this time. The life of a sharecropper was full of debts, and trying to make enough money to pay off those debts and make enough money for a living. Upon leaving his sharecropping job, Snopes finds a job at the household of Major De Spain. When they arrive, Snopes dirties a white rug and sneers at the black servant when the servant told him not step on it.Sometime after this, the servant comes to the Snopes’ new home and instructs Abner to clean the rug. During this time, servants and housekeepers were treated with more respect than sharecroppers were. Abner Snopes was appalled by this because he beli eved that because he was a white man, he should have been treated with more respect. De Spain finds out about Snopes’ ruining the rug and charges them one hundred dollars added to their debt, and twenty bushels of corn. These types of arrangements were quite common at this time between sharecroppers and their landlords.The sharecroppers had little to no money, so the landlords would charge them for items, or take an extra percentage of their crops. The setting of this story is very important because it gives you a sense of what life was like back during the late 1800s. â€Å"Barn Burning† takes place in the south after the civil war. After the civil war, the south was in the period of reconstruction. A lot of the south was destroyed from the war, and it affected everyone in the south from their economy, to their personal lives. Many people lived impoverished like the Snopes family.Abner Snopes holds a lot of resentment because he couldn’t be successful in his li fe. Instead of changing his life and working hard, he resents everything and everyone around him. This attitude eventually leads to his downfall. William Faulkner’s â€Å"Barn Burning† takes a lot of real life situations and puts them into fiction. He is able to put the life around him in to stories of fiction. Works Cited Channel , History . â€Å"Sharecropping & â€Å"Forty Acres and a Mule† — History. com Articles, Video, Pictures and Facts. † History. om — History Made Every Day — American & World History. N. p. , n. d. Web. 1 Apr. 2013. . Gardener , Ron . â€Å"New Georgia Encyclopedia: Sharecropping. † New Georgia Encyclopedia. N. p. , n. d. Web. 1 Apr. 2013. . Giessen , James C. . â€Å"New Georgia Encyclopedia: Sharecropping. † New Georgia Encyclopedia. N. p. , n. d. Web. 1 Apr. 2013. .

Dr Martin Luther King Essay

We can never be satisfied as long as our children are stripped of their selfhood and robbed of their dignity by signs stating â€Å"For Whites Only†. We cannot be satisfied as long as a Negro in Mississippi cannot vote and a Negro in New York believes he has nothing for which to vote. No, no, we are not satisfied, and we will not be satisfied until justice rolls down like waters and righteousness like a mighty stream. † This part within Dr. King’s speech was very powerful as it gives you images of the mistreatment towards blacks, and their emotions, how it makes them feel. He uses figuritive language in the last sentence as he says â€Å"we will not be satisified until justice rolls down like waters and righteousness like a mighty stream†, that is a similie. He was protesting against what rights the blacks did not have. â€Å"I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood. I can see blacks and whites setting down at the table eating dinner and telling each other how their days went. That particular sentence warmed my heart with what Dr. King believed could and should be. â€Å"I have a dream that one day, down in Alabama, with its vicious racists, with its governor having his lips dripping with the words of interposition and nullification; one day right there in Alabama, little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and rothers. † Little black boys and girls joining hands with little white boys and girls is what imagine he provided with that phrase. His whole speech was filled with love and kindness. Multiple emotions were put off towards the audience to feel the pain of the mistreated black men and women and then the happiness and peace between blacks and whites if their wasn’t a racial issue.

Dueling Computers

1. Do you think Apples comparison advertising between Mac and PC works? Why or why not? From a personal perspective, it almost seems as thought that everything that Apple does turns to gold in some sort, including their advertising campaign. This campaign better known, as â€Å"Get a Mac† appears to require thought at first glance due to the uncommon nature of comparing two objects, but is truly straightforward. Apples uncharacteristic way for comparison, I believe is the true reason for its success. This advertising ploy is somewhat comical but also gives life to two competitive computer operating systems, which in any case could be uninteresting. With this being said I absolutely think that apples comparison advertising between Mac and PC works, myself being proof. When this advertising campaign began I really did not know much about a Mac mostly due to the computers that I have owned were a PC. When I first saw this campaign the first thing that caught my eye was that PC’s were much more vulnerable to viruses as to Mac’s. Apple did a great job at showing this by simulating two actors as if they were computers. I believe this also caught the eye of the computer illiterate nation as well. These comparison commercials were easy to follow and made a very complicated product easy to understand. 2. How important do you think each of these elements of the commercial is to the campaign’s success: music, actors, dialog, setting, and tone? Although all of these elements work great in creating a successful commercial collectively in other campaigns, but I find some of them are not relevant to the success of Apple. For instance, I myself had to go to YouTube and research the elements of the commercials due to some not as appealing as other were. Music- Generally I think music is a key aspect in commercials and sets the mood for its entirety, but the music in Apple’s advertising campaign was somewhat vague and forgettable. While the music was somewhat dull it did allow for the understanding of the actors dialogue. Actors- Although these actors were not exceptionally well known as a superstar athlete or a movie star, they did appear in some other types of television. This I believe gives the television audience some sort of familiarity with the two actors. The actors did however work well together in showing the differences between the PC and Mac. Dialogue- This commercial used dialogue that a computer illiterate was able to understand. In my life experiences simple and to the point was always the best way of putting things, especially in a business type atmosphere. Setting- The setting of these commercials was a blank background. This I believe is a metaphor for the simplicity and user-friendly Apple products. Tone- The tone of the advertisement was somewhat vague but worked perfectly for Apple and its appearance. I do not think that this was a great element for this advertisement. 3. What audience that is Apple trying to reach with these ads? I believe the simplicity of these adds and Apples products are more focused toward the more technical handicapped individual, especially those of which that still use and own a PC. Their commercials look down on PC’s and give examples of why the apple product is better than others. Apple appears to keep much of their advertising extremely simple and easy to follow.

Voting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Voting - Essay Example Americans have more opportunities to vote then any other country in the world, and the impact of voting is felt in every aspect of American life. From the beginning of American history, it has been proven that voting is important. History highlights the importance of voting and the terrible conditions that occur when this right does not exist or is suppressed. During the Revolutionary Era the French, Haitians, and Americans recognized the destructive power of living under a government without a voice. The French masses starved while the aristocrats dinned well under the regime of Louise XIV. Like the Americans, the masses were taxed heavily without representation. No taxation without representation was an ideology that spurred on the American Revolution once the Stamp Act was enacted. In addition, after the implementation of the Stamp Act, "ordinary people came together to call for the boycotting of British goods" (Woods, 1992, p. 244). People began to understand how coming together to influence policy would make a difference in government. The Haitian Revolution demonstrates the biggest impact of living under a government without representation. There were 600,000 black slaves living in Haiti (Girard, 2005). The other ruling groups were comprised of French Officials, white planters, and free blacks total population was approximately 60,000 (Girard, 2005). As the Americans and French lived under unfair laws, the Haitian slaves lived under the Black Codes (Ros, 1991). The Black Codes invited white men and women planters to decide the fate of a black slave on a whim. One woman burned her slave alive in an oven, because of a slightly burnt pie (Ros, 1991). There weren't Civil Rights for the 600,000 slaves, who were bound to the earth and deprived of social mobility. They lived in dirty huts in a society where torture instruments were hung in the windows of prominent businesses (Girard, 2005). The Haitian, French, and Americans eventually won their freedom, but it was at great risks and many deaths. The sacrifices made the n and the perils the people endured emphasize the importance of the average person participating in the government. Common people must remain vigilant to the new laws created and make sure they benefit the entire society. No pure democracy is in existence. Democracy is a work in progress. Constant participation by the public is vital to ensure there is a balance in society, where the average person has a voice. Next, with the protective laws passed such as the Family and Medical Leave Act, the Civil Rights Act, and the American with Disabilities Act, many Americans feel they are safe from unfair treatment. They don't need to participate in the government or provide balance. The current governmental system will simply take care of itself and them. Voting isn't necessary. Yet, there are a growing number of individuals that don't believe that we need regulatory laws that will govern discriminatory behavior. A very popular American President, Ronald Regan supported this notion. He "enacted the Executive Order 12991 in 1981, where no regulatory action can be undertaken unless the potential benefits to society outweigh the potential cost" (Bennett-Alexander & Hartman, 2007, p. 4). Supporters of this policy state that businesses want to make profit. They will hire the most qualified person without discriminating, because it will give them a strategic

The topic is about different social class school have different Essay

The topic is about different social class school have different works(read two articles I provide, then write paper on the basis of two articles) - Essay Example Economically sound students can acquire knowledge from different sources whereas students from poor economic backgrounds may struggle to get enough resources for their learning needs. For example, computers and internet are essential for the students to get proper insights into the topics they learned in the class. However, poor students may not have the financial abilities to purchase it. Jean Anyon categorised schools into five different groups based on their social class; Working-class, middle-class, affluent, professional, and executive elite schools. On the other hand, Malcolm X illustrates how a learner may take responsibility of his/her own learning as he uses his new skill of reading and hunger for knowledge to learn the history of prejudice and discrimination against â€Å"the black man†. This paper analyses how active and analytical learning pedagogy and approaches as experienced by Malcolm X in comparison to Jean Anyon’s various social class based teaching me thods prove to be an effective pedagogy of teaching and learning as well as preparing our future leaders. Passive education or teaching is taking place in working class schools. â€Å"Social studies in the working-class schools is also largely mechanical, rote work that was given little explanation or connection to larger contexts. In one school, for example, although there was a book available, social studies work was to copy the teachers notes from the board. Several times a week for a period of several months the children copied these notes† (Anyon, p.5). â€Å"I read the histories of various nations which opened my eyes gradually, then wider and wider† (Malcolm, p.4). Both Malcolm and Anyon are saying the same thing that active education or teaching is not taking place in America, at least in the lower category schools. Teachers in such schools are not much interested in explaining the topics in detail. They will never try to explain the purpose, aim, and

Marine Finance(Capital Funding Structure) Essay

Marine Finance(Capital Funding Structure) - Essay Example In 1958, Franco Modigliani and Merton Miller, two prominent financial economists, constructed a theory of capital structure (usually referred to as the MM) that is widely considered as the most influential financial theory up to this time. Basically, the MM theory assumes perfect capital market conditions where all relevant information is readily available, where there are no transaction costs, and where borrowing and lending rates are the same for all investors. The theory likewise assumes that there are no income taxes, that operating income is constant over time -- i.e., there is no growth -- and that all earnings are paid out as dividends. In 1963, Modigliani and Miller modified their original work by including corporate taxes. With such taxes, leverage would increase the firms value because interest on debt is a tax-deductible expense and more income accrues to the investors. Consequently, the value of the firm increases. The cost of debt is the after-tax yield (1-tax). This lower cost of debt, combined with the existing cost of equity, will result in a lower weighted average cost of capital the greater the leverage. The benefits of debt financing derive from solely from the tax deductibility of interest payments. This observation would lead one to conclude logically that the company should use more leverage to the extent that all financing will be done through debt. In reality, however, companies do no such thing. While historically the debt/asset ratios have risen overall, companies maintain capital structures that are stable with a some combination of debt and equity at some in-between point. (See Brealey & Myers; Brigham & Gapenski; Keat & ). Much later, Merton Miller extended the theory by including personal taxes. Personal taxes in the modified model would reduce -- but not eliminate -- the benefits of debt financing. Because the introduction of personal taxes lowers the income to investors, they reduce the value

Media and Religion in Conflict Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Media and Religion in Conflict - Essay Example serious issues, news of other areas like entertainment, spiritual or religious etc are primarily targeted for the common man who can relax and rejuvenate with the information. I therefore, disagree with slinger’s assertion. Religion is intrinsic part of one’s life and is primarily used as a guideline for leading a moral and ethical life. Slinger’s claim that television has subverted the value system of contemporary society is biased not because as Postman (1987) says that it redefines the truth but mainly due to the fact that but for the television, world would not have known about the 9/11 catastrophe or quickly brought help to the victims of natural disasters from all corners of the world and habilitate them in the shortest possible time. The television news, howsoever gross they may be, nevertheless inform public about what is going on different part of the world. Newman (1996) says that some Christians are of the view that selective religious news should be broadcast. Their major fear is that television distorts news so how will one know if the selective news is correct? There are wide variety of channels that show all kind of shows, some may be offensive but then it becomes one’s choice to see it or not. One can exercise one’s choice according to one’s religious guidelines. In fact, television becomes one of the best critics to test one’s sincerity in one’s religion. If the person can be swayed by the images or content of the television, then religion plays not so significant role in his/her life. Television is the mirror of society and reflects its values and hence, cannot be antithetical to religious

First world war Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

First world war - Essay Example Germany tried to free Morocco so that the coalition between Britain and France could be broken. In June, 1914, a Bosnian worker killed Austrian Archduke Francis Ferdinand along with his spouse. The worker was employed by a Serbian terrorist organization. Austria-Hungary saw it as a reason enough to attack Serbia. Austria-Hungary seeked help from Germany because they needed protection against Russia. On 28 June, the war was declared. Russia jumped in to assist Serbia. Russian government fully mobilized the troops for war on July 29. In turn, Germany resolved to fight Russia and France on 1 August and 3 August respectively. Germany was declared war upon by Britain on 4 August. By 4 August, 1914, a vast majority of the powers in Europe had plunged into the battlefield. The war ended with great changes in the world map. German Empire was transformed into a republic country. Britain took away German colonies. Liberal democracies were knocked off by dictatorship regime in Germany. Many new countries surfaced in Middle East as well as in

Case Study based on key reading.Strategic Management Essay

Case Study based on key reading.Strategic Management - Essay Example Application of the model in CRH Plc will enable the company identify the external forces that affects the external activities of the company. This enables the formulation of improvement strategies that enhances performance in the changing marketing environment. The model generalises the strategies required in gaining competitive advantage in the industry for easy application (Onsman, 2004). However, application of the model may be misleading because it assumes a classic perfect market although it is clear that the construction and building industry is faced with numerous challenges. The SWOT analysis is crucial because it summarises the both the internal and external environment of a company i.e. strengths and weaknesses coupled with the opportunities and threats. The knowledge of both the internal and external environment will enable the company adopt measures appropriate for addressing both the internal and external challenges. However, analysis of the strategic management status o f the company by use of the SWOT framework requires considerable time and energy when being applied in large corporations. The PESTEL framework assists in the identification of the macroeconomic factors that affects the whole industry, certain markets or the company. This is because many factors in the macroeconomic environment have significant impact on the overall managerial behaviour. According to the Global Industry Analysts (2011), the tool is crucial in understanding the factors that can influence the industry growth and decline. PESTEL analysis can also guide the company on the direction that they should take in avoiding failure or losses. However, undertaking the PESTEL is tedious and may be ineffective to large organisations. The framework is also limiting because it only focuses on the external environment of the company. Critical Analysis Porter’s Five Forces Analysis Rivalry among the Existing Firms The company has numerous competitors in the industry, especially the well established multinational companies such as Lafarge S.A. and Holcim Ltd. In 1990, the market was dominated by large companies that capitalised on the strength in their local markets to expand internationally. According to Davenport (2002), the competing companies increased their supply rate when the market for construction industry was booming locally; leading to increased competition for the local markets. This made CRH to venture into acquisition of smaller companies in both local and international hemispheres such as 26% shares of a North-eastern Chinese plant and a 50% stake of an Indian company in order to increase dominance both local and international markets (Batchelor, 2001). Bargaining Power of Customers The construction industry is extremely fragmented with the production rate varying depending on the location as well as other factors such as values and cultures. The application of the building regulations regarding the location of the

Introduction to Communication- Listen to Me-discussion Personal Statement

Introduction to Communication- Listen to Me-discussion - Personal Statement Example In addition, communication is a strong foundation to interactions in social set ups and transfer of information and command in organizational set ups and failure to listen compromises effectiveness of communication. Personal experience and learnt communication skills concur with the author’s opinion that distractions, such as multitasking and lack of sufficient time are key barriers to effective listening and managing these can offer a solution (Cole 61). In addition to the informative scope of the article, it is effective it its content that identifies significance of a problem and offers a solution. It is therefore able influence positive change in people’s communication through helping people to minimize distractions during communication. Developing a link between listening and attention that an individual acquires, when time to be listened to comes, also facilities effectiveness of the article in improving listening effectiveness. The level of simplicity of the article is also commendable because it is neither complicated nor too simple to be boring (Cole 61). Consequently, the author is informative and is an agent of change for effective listening and