John the Savage’s New World

Brave New World Essay In Brave New World, John the Savage willfully exiles himself from the reservation, where he was born and raised, in order to travel to the new world; because of his passion for learning and this twisted idea of becoming happy through his acceptance. Aloud Huxley has written a novel where the main character experiences a type of exile that is tragically unalienable while being beneficial.John's experiences in the world state were enriching; however, they were even more alienating and they ended up being so potent that it eventually pushed John to his early demise. John's exile was stimulating because of his discovery that truth and happiness are incompatible. He is faced with the idea that he will not be completely accepted by others because of how he is unlike anyone in the utopian society. His self-value was based on how others perceived him, his exile allowed him to see that his value should not be found in others.Upon their arrival to the World State, Bernard begins to parade John around to the other citizens in order to gain popularity. John recognizes the fact that the imaginary happiness that he has created for himself In he new world is fake, he decides that he â€Å"rather be unhappy than have the sort of false, lying happiness† that Bernard has from his newfound social status (Huxley 179). John becomes disturbed by the culture; he begins to accept the fact that these people only want to meet him because of how different he Is from them.John's exile was educational and allowed him to see veracity; however, his outcast was even more destructive to him because of how It shatters his beliefs, the way It Isolates him from the citizens in the world state, how he feels that he was contaminated by their society, and overall It distances himself even further from anyone from either of his two worlds. His newfound perspective altered the manner he Interpreted everything In Its entirety and unfortunately his transformation of viewpoin ts Is for the worse.In an argument with Mustache Mood, Mustache claims that John Is â€Å"claiming the right to be unhappy† and John responds by defiantly agreeing with him and saying that he Is In fact â€Å"claiming the right to be unhappy' (Huxley 240). John and Mustache have separate Ideas of what happiness Is. Mustache thinks â€Å"happiness Is a hard master – particularly other people's happiness† (Huxley 226). He chooses to pursue political power over scientific truth, Mustache genuinely believes In the system of the World State; he's not compromising his values, he's fighting for them.John, however, believes that happiness Is found with the Individual and he freely admits that he hates the way that this new collocation Is systematically run. Brave New World portrays a society that has been designed for Idealistic happiness and not the Individual. Everyone values their own entity over their happiness, as John the Savage's exile enlightens the audience; a nd the lack of Independence In Huxley evolve strikes a certain fear of this kind of society Into the reader. Huxley society Is one that Is constructed from standards that would not be deemed as moral In this day and age.John the Savage's New World By griffin recognizes the fact that the imaginary happiness that he has created for himself in people only want to meet him because of how different he is from them. John's more destructive to him because of how it shatters his beliefs, the way it isolates him society, and overall it distances himself even further from anyone from either of his two worlds. His newfound perspective altered the manner he interpreted everything n its entirety and unfortunately his transformation of viewpoints is for the worse.In an argument with Mustache Mood, Mustache claims that John is â€Å"claiming the right to be unhappy' and John responds by defiantly agreeing with him and saying that he is in fact â€Å"claiming the right to be unhappy' (Huxley 240) . John and Mustache have separate ideas of what happiness is. Mustache thinks â€Å"happiness is a hard master – particularly other people's happiness† (Huxley 226). He chooses to pursue political power over scientific truth, Mustache genuinely believes in the system of the World State; he's not compromising his values, he's fighting for them.John, however, believes that happiness is found with the individual and he freely admits that he hates the way that this new civilization is systematically run. Portrays a society that has been designed for idealistic happiness and not the individual. Everyone values their own entity over their happiness, as John the Savage's exile enlightens the audience; and the lack of independence in Huxley novel strikes a certain fear of this kind of society into the reader. Huxley society is one that is constructed from standards that would not be deemed as moral in this

Creative Accounting

The term of creative accounting refers to select accounting methods for the preparation of financial statement that provide the result desired by the accounting preparers. Especially when the firms are under a financial difficulty, the need of creativity would be very apparent because it might be difficult for parties such as auditors, with an oversight function, to report that the account preparers are doing anything wrong (Deegan, 2010). When the economy is moving into recession, the most companies are likely to manipulate their financial statement to be in the upward direction in order for the favourable profit by overstating the asset and understating the liability. b) No, the roles and responsibilities of auditors and regulators are very vital at improving control. Auditors perform audits to evaluate whether the policies and process are designed and operating effectively and provide recommendations for improvement. They also help to monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of the organizations risk management processes. They may prepare a comprehensive assessment of any wrong doing that might lead the organization into financial loss. As for the role of regulators, they will determine how best to cause firms subject to their jurisdiction to develop control policies and procedures to meet the performance objectives. In fact, auditors and regulators are part of the pillars of corporate governance. The auditors and regulators definitely work to predict the warning of the recession and give notification to the company. However, they could not be in position to finish final decision and to control every improvement and process. Just like the HIH insurance case, the directors still make wrong decision, even if there was the concurrence of the actuaries and the auditors. It does not matter how efficiently they played their role, it matters how efficiently the four pillars which are boarder of directors, management, auditors and regulators could be harmonized with. In other word, this failure should not be the reason to reduce the roles of auditors and regulators. Creative Accounting The term of creative accounting refers to select accounting methods for the preparation of financial statement that provide the result desired by the accounting preparers. Especially when the firms are under a financial difficulty, the need of creativity would be very apparent because it might be difficult for parties such as auditors, with an oversight function, to report that the account preparers are doing anything wrong (Deegan, 2010). When the economy is moving into recession, the most companies are likely to manipulate their financial statement to be in the upward direction in order for the favourable profit by overstating the asset and understating the liability. b) No, the roles and responsibilities of auditors and regulators are very vital at improving control. Auditors perform audits to evaluate whether the policies and process are designed and operating effectively and provide recommendations for improvement. They also help to monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of the organizations risk management processes. They may prepare a comprehensive assessment of any wrong doing that might lead the organization into financial loss. As for the role of regulators, they will determine how best to cause firms subject to their jurisdiction to develop control policies and procedures to meet the performance objectives. In fact, auditors and regulators are part of the pillars of corporate governance. The auditors and regulators definitely work to predict the warning of the recession and give notification to the company. However, they could not be in position to finish final decision and to control every improvement and process. Just like the HIH insurance case, the directors still make wrong decision, even if there was the concurrence of the actuaries and the auditors. It does not matter how efficiently they played their role, it matters how efficiently the four pillars which are boarder of directors, management, auditors and regulators could be harmonized with. In other word, this failure should not be the reason to reduce the roles of auditors and regulators.

Movement and singing Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Movement and singing - Research Proposal Example Alexander studied himself in mirrors while he was saying his lines. He realized that his habitual way of holding himself would be very hard to overcome, but knew he had to gain conscious control over his posture and attitude in order to produce the best sound. So he developed a method to re-teach his body how to act. Performers often don’t even realize they’re tense until they’re reminded to relax. Tightness in the singer can distort sound and cause the sound to be less resonant (Alexander). The Alexander Method teaches students how all the muscle groups work together. The teacher guides students through a series of gentle exercises, and sometimes touches them a little to guide them into new ways of using their muscles. The muscle corrections are subtle, and an Alexander Technique teacher directs the student with small movements and verbal instructions. Performers think that â€Å"standing up straight† will give them the best posture for singing, but the act of standing straight can put extra tension on the neck, back, and legs, actually reducing the breath and resonance. Consciously making the body do anything introduces tension. The Alexander technique relaxes the posture, reducing underlying tension (Moore). The â€Å"whispered ah† is a way of making Alexander technique students aware of how the breath enters and leaves the body. By perfecting the â€Å"whispered ah,† singers can relax their breathing into its more natural rhythms and engage the whole body in producing sound. The sound will be more pure and resonant because it comes out the whole person. The whispered â€Å"ah† may seem like a simple exercise, but perfecting it is extremely tricky. Breaking old patterns requires both concentration and letting go to let the process work. The important point with the Alexander technique is to relax and stop trying to control body movements and positions. Going into a natural pose when singing and releasing tension gives the voice its depth. Once

Explain the terms span of control and control loss. Are these concepts Essay - 1

Explain the terms span of control and control loss. Are these concepts useful in understanding the design of organizations - Essay Example The early researchers have given a great consideration towards the ideal specific number of span of control and it has been generally assumed that small span of control maintains close control. It is believed that if the manager fails to achieve the control over its subordinates, then the issue of control loss may arise. Control loss is another important concept in the organisations. Actually span of control gives a control to managers over their subordinates. When the span of control is wide and organisation has a decentralised structure, the managers have less control over their subordinates and they encourage their employees to work in more independence. Galbraith and Williamson argue that decentralisation in organisations reduces the information costs and enhance the organisational efficiency however; it can contribute to control loss (Stevens, 1993, pp. 10). In this essay, the importance of the concepts of span of control and control loss has been discussed to understand the org anisational designs. Span of control is very important when it comes to design the structure of the organisations. Span of control is of the major determinants of the organisational structure. A relatively wide span of control and few hierarchical levels form a flat organisational structure. ... It means that span of control, control loss and organisational design are interrelated concepts and organisations have to consider the role of span of control and control loss in the organisational designs. Ivancevich, Konopaske, & Matteson (2008, pp.540) argue that creation of organisational design involves four major decisions including the decision of division of labour, the decisions of delegation of authority, the decision of departmentalisation and decision of span of control. Actually span of control is a major determinant of organisational design because it creates the number of hierarchical levels in the organisations. Span of control not only defines the relationships of formally assigned subordinated but it also considers those who have access to manager. To achieve the defined organisation objectives, designing the right organisational design and structure if very important. The process of development of organisational design with setting the goals and objectives of organ isational design and the next step is to group or relate the various functions, in which the concept of span of control is very important (Amrine, Ritchey, Moodie & Kmec, 1993, pp.88). For example, if few functions logically relate to each, they can be groups under one group and through span of control the reporting of the employees can be determined like who will report to whom. The researchers have always been interested in determining how an ideal span of control contributes to a good organisational design. Fisch (1963 cited in Dive, 2004, pp.115) argues that if the number of subordinated reporting to each manager is too small (in other words, if the span of control is narrow), the company will be too heavy, costly to run,

Shanghai Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Shanghai - Essay Example The city’s economic history began in the thirteenth century through cotton manufacturing and production. The production of Cotton and textile were the city’s economic backbone of city’s economy through to the nineteenth century. The economic development of Shanghai continued to grow after the construction of dikes, canals, and real estate development by private investors during the Song Dynasty. The city would have developed earlier in the fifteenth century, but the Ming Dynasty placed restrictions on trade in efforts to guard the city against Wokou. The dynasty was also responsible for the construction of the city’s wall. Part of the reasons that were encouraging rapid grow in Shanghai was the inclusion of the city as a treaty port in the Treaty of Nanjing of 1842. Around mid nineteenth century, the city of Shanghai was an established regional trade point, which attracted the Great Britain’s interest in the land. After victory in the First opium wa r, Britain began efforts to acquire land in the region, managing to obtain both trading rights and 140 acres on the riverbank to the north of the Chinese city. France and America were the next invaders around the city, with France settling in the western part of the town (later called the French Concession), and the American establishing themselves to the north of Suzhou Creek in 1863 (combining with the British settlement to be the International Settlement). These foreign communities were trading on opium in exchange to the goods they had come with. They had their own rules apart from the Chinese. During the Taiping uprising between 1850 and 1864, the international communities stepped in to contain the revolt throughout the city and the entire country. Their interest was Shanghai’s fortune, and this led to further development of the city’s infrastructure, including buildings in the foreigners’ style, telephones in 1881, electricity the year that followed, and r unning water in 1884. Shanghai defeat in the Sino-Japanese War was a leading factor for the establishment of the 1895 Japanese Concession, with manufacturing rights. Soon, the city had a diverse set of foreigners, from the White Russians to the Iraqi Jews (O’Sullivan, 2008). In accordance with the theory of existence and origin of cities, Shanghai developed from a self-sufficient household to innovative development by the foreign settlers. The influx of diverse communities decorated the city, making it a cosmopolitan location in China. It is set to eclipse its rival Hong Kong in the near future. Growth The growth of Shanghai was slow in the Ming Dynasty due to the trade restrictions. It began re-establishing inter-state trade in the Song Dynasty, and that is when it began to grow and develop rapidly. The major growth factor of Shanghai was its strategic position in the Grand Canal and the intersection of the East China Sea, as well as the Yangzi confluence (O’Sullivan, 2008). This was a good exposure point for development of a trade center, considering that at the time, the main means of long-distance travel was water transport. Another important growth aspect was the incorporation of the city as a treaty port with four other cities, including Xiamen, Fuzhou, Linbou, and Canton. The treaty ports were part of the 1842 Treaty of Nanjing between the Great Britain and China. The treaty permitted

How Schools Mirrior the Dominate Culture Assignment

How Schools Mirrior the Dominate Culture - Assignment Example It is considered to be part of effective classroom management by teachers for a few reasons. First, it is assumed that being immersed in a language makes on be fluent. Secondly, it is believed that it is destructive for every one to speak in a different language while in class especially in ELL classroom (Beare par. 1-3). Characteristics of wealthy white children have been incorporated into school systems as the only authentic standards of behavior. Other cultural expressions which may be adequate in acquiring skills from have been seen as inadequate and, therefore, rejected. This results in inadequate communication and assessment, leading children from poor minority cultures being deemed slow or poor learners. These children end up making the most representation in the special education program as they are assessed according the standards set for middle-class white students. In these tests it is assumed that failure to meet standards mean developmental delay even if the child has knowledge in other developmental areas. Wealthy and middle class white schools often have better performances than others because they pay better hence attracting better teachers (Goldy par. 1). This is at the expense of poor schools for the minority groups as they do not get the best teachers. As stated by the London School of Economics, there is a direct relationship between teachers pay and student performance. If a teacher is paid well, the student tends to perform well and when payment is poor as is the case of minority schools for the poor, their performance tends to be poor. Yet at the time of assessment the standards used do not put into consideration this fact, but judge by the standards of the dominant group (Goldy par. 1). The dominant culture of the white people is mirrored in many ways in schools; these are just a few examples. English language is used extensively in

Nutrition Labels Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nutrition Labels - Essay Example nd Drug Administration together brought two new tools which are "Make Your Calories Count," an interactive online learning program, and a new Nutrition Facts Label brochure . These tools will give power to consumers to have better knowledge about the food they consume and right choices of food products. They are also decided to help in partnership with food industry to advice and provide vital information so that the problems of obesity can be reduced to a great extent due to the misuse of food consumption by the people. It is very important to count calories of foods that a person takes because the calories intake should be equal to calories expenditure to maintain his weight. Calories expenditure depends on the physical activity of a person. If the calories intake is more than the calories expended, the excess calories will be converted into fat and stored in ones body which causes body weight increase and gradually he may become obese which contribute to various serious degenerative disorders like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer etc. The tool â€Å"make your calories count,† provides three information to help planning a healthy diet while managing the calories intake, Size up Your Servings and Calories; See Whats In It For You; and Judge If Its Right For You. As per general guide introduced to calories, a single food item having 40 calories is considered as low-calorie, one with 100 calories as moderate-calorie and the food with 400 calories as high-calorie. It is a simple program that the people can understand and follow and choose their food products depending upon their calorie requirements for a healthy living. Yet another information’s introduced on the Nutrition Fact Label is the percent Daily Value (%DV) which is a quick guide to consumers. Any nutrient at 5%DV or less is considered as low for that specific nutrient and 20% or more considered as high for that particular nutrient. The % Daily Values recommendations are based on nutrients for a

Retention Intervention Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Retention Intervention - Essay Example To counteract a high turnover rate, a set of retention techniques can be used to avoid/resolve conflicts and improve the company image. Retention means retaining those employees who share the company values and fit with the company profile. When staff retention is a program, a workforce development program can be initiated. An organization cannot survive if its top performers quit. Loyal and dedicated workers are needed if the company’s strategic objectives are to realized. The management must retain valuable employees in order to ensure the long term success of the company. An employee who spends a longer duration with an organization becomes more familiar with its rules and guidelines and has less adjusting issues. This can save the company valuable time it will otherwise have to spend on training and helping adjust new recruits. Whenever an employee resigns, it is the responsibility of the HR to intervene and find the cause of resignation. There can be many reasons for a resignation which includes lesser salary, lack of growth, negative ambience etc. The primary role of the HR is to keep track of any trends or patterns which may emerge in resignation data which suggest that there is a problem for the employees. In order to ensure that the retention issue and resignation does not arise in the first place, the recruitment of the right candidate by the HR department is necessary. The HR department should recruit people who fit the company profile. It is enticing to hire a person by forcing him to stay for a lesser salary but this is a bad tactic. The person might stay for some time but will eventually leave. The recruitment process therefore should be tailor made to ensure the right people are hired who won’t cause a retention problem to arise in the first place. There are many retention techniques that an HR department can undertake. These include the launch of motivational

Would increasing U.S. economic aid in the [Middle East] region Research Paper

Would increasing U.S. economic aid in the [Middle East] region diminish support for terrorism and anti-American sentiment - Research Paper Example This is where a country that has received foreign aid or is anticipating having their regular installments is bound to be receptive to new ideas. In most cases, this foreign aid functions as a legal bribe. Therefore, if, it is increased it means that people will be more accepting of these new ideas of getting rid of terrorism. However, after the fall of the Soviet Union the US placed itself strategically to implement its views to other countries as a measure, to stop the spread of communism. A telling case is when US sacrificed to give Aid to Russia so that it could not pull out of Chenyanya because  of its significance  in battle against terrorism. This saw the US give eight hundred million dollars to Russia in 1997 and the former nations that were for communism. This is a superb example of how foreign aid can be beneficial in trying to have certain nations sing to the dance of America. The increases of aid will not only help Middle East region accept the new ideas; it will also develop and equip them economicallyii. This will most likely function in diverting their efforts to positive activities that increase their living standards. This is because these terrorist activities come because of boredom due to no employment that can generate money. It is through such circumstances that people from the Middle Eastern seek a leeway out of this by in involving themselves in any activity. This also increases the risk of these people to fall victim of drugs that they believe to reduce their burden. Therefore, the existence of this foreign aid by Americans is sure to help them and minimize on numbers that are being recruited into terrorist groups. Another point is that American is a developed nation with one of the biggest economies and one of the largest populations. iiiThis means that it has many industries to run, people to provide for their needs, and care of its security. More economic aid means that it will function to cater for all these three at the same

Perspectives on Adult Learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Perspectives on Adult Learning - Essay Example From this paper it is clear that  race and ethnicity were largely ignored in most of the literature despite its increasing significance during the Civil Rights Movement in the United States. On the contrary the racial and ethnic minorities continued to be largely ignored through laws that essentially aimed at desecration of public schools as well as other public institutions that offered adult education. Historically education in the North American and European states have focused on offering education and developing learning modules with key emphasis on the majority adult learners that comprised of white population, while ignoring the other races. Such blatant discrimination and colorblind attitude toward adult education and learning has been deeply embedded in the social structure of the Western world.This discussion declares that  the adult learning modules began incorporating crucial issues aimed at the growing multicultural population thus indicating its acceptance and ackno wledgment of the growing diversity and the need for inclusive education. Since the concept of multiculturalism entailed and presupposed the domination of one particular race, in case of the Western world - the majority White population; the key aim of the post globalization adult education system was to include the beliefs, perspectives and cultural context of the racial minorities and ethnically diverse population.

Why America should choose to drill for oil in Alaska Essay Example for Free

Why America should choose to drill for oil in Alaska Essay Drilling for oil in Alaska has been one of the most controversial topics in the United Stated for many years. Many U. S geologists have confirmed that billions of barrels of oil lie beneath the Alaskan coastal plain. In the east of Alaska lies The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge considered to be the largest oil field of North America. It is essential for United States to take a plunge in Alaska and seek out this viable opportunity. These fresh barrels of US oil will break away the country’s dependency on the oil rich Middle Eastern countries especially Iraq. The House of Representatives approved drilling in Alaska by passing an energy bill in Aug 2001. This year, the President of United States, lifted the ban on oil and gas drilling in Alaskas Bristol Bay Prices of oil have risen dramatically in the last few years and the nation’s dependency is becoming too costly. It is estimated by the U. S Department of Interior that â€Å"nine to 16 billion barrels of recoverable oil† can be extracted from ANWR (Arctic National Wildlife Refuge) in North America. This amount of oil is enough to last the entire United States eighteen months. While these statistics might seem trivial but if â€Å"the US consumes about 20 million barrels of oil per day, and at a rate of 1. 5 million barrels per day from Alaska, 7. 5% of Americas oil consumption could be met for over 20 years† (Muhawi). Prices of oil will dramatically fall. These lowered prices of oil could radically improve the economical scenario of United States. In addition to this, American oil imports will also reduce by 15% with the help of the Alaskan oil. American imports are over 25% from the Middle East. Environmentalists who fear that habitats of caribou, polar bears, wolves, and many other species will be destroyed should relax because only 8 percent (1. 5 million acres) is being analyzed for development. This development will cause negligible environmental damage. It is incorrect for media to show snowcapped mountains and polar bears as news footage because it misleads audiences and makes them believe that drilling will be in those areas. Areas that will be drilled are on a small part of Alaska where humans already live. Alaska consists of protected land of 141 million acres which is almost equal to the area of California and New York together. So, the rest of Alaska will remain preserved in its true form. The National Academy of Sciences reported lately that oil drilling had troubled some endangered species and made whaling difficult however it has neither caused huge oil spills nor a decrease in migration of caribou. Caribou herd that passes through ANWR is predicted to be harmed by the drilling of oil. However, people are often unaware that since drilling started in Prudhoe Bay in 1977 it has actually lead to an increase in migration of the caribou herd from 3,000 to 23,000. Many cutting edge technologies are also being introduced to reduce and eradicate the negative effects of the drilling. Thousands of jobs and opportunities will also be created from drilling in Alaska. It is estimated that 250,000 to 735000 jobs will be created. (Drilling in the Alaska National Wildlife Refuge). This particular development would help the Alaskans by providing them with greater incomes and purchasing power. It has also benefited Alaskans by providing them with better healthcare and schools and other positive societal and economic effects. People who oppose drilling argue that excessive consumption of United States is a bigger problem. They believe that we should rather focus our energies towards consuming lesser oil. This is a great idea yet very hard to follow. Oil, gas and coal are responsible for running eighty-eight percent of America’s transportation, businesses, and housing needs. No technology, conservation or alternatives can replace these important fuels. Many years of research and testing will bring an alternative or a solution to this problem. Till then we have to rely on our fossil fuels. Another insignificant opposing view is that drilling maybe risky because it might not yield anything. It is also believed to be our last resort and could be used when all our other sources of oil have run out. Both of these views are supported by sentiment and not facts. It is important for the average American to weigh the facts surrounding this controversy and then decide whether Alaskan land should be allowed for drilling oil or not and not be swept away by mere emotion. WORKS CITED â€Å"Making the case for ANWR development†. ANWR. ORG. 2005. Retrieved: 4th http://anwr.org/

Fragile X Syndrome Symptoms and Investigation

Fragile X Syndrome Symptoms and Investigation Title Complications and investigations of Fragile X syndrome Introduction Fragile X syndrome is considered the most common heritable form of mental retardation, it affects approximately 1 in 4000 males and 1 in 8000 female it is an X linked disease caused by mutation in the† FMR1 gene â€Å"This mutation in dynamic it varies in length and so in severity from generation to generation The syndrome is more severely affecting boys It is associated with by prominent or long ears This abnormal morphology suggests abnormal auditory function.. The mutational mechanism, combined with the location of this gene on the X chromosome, leads to remarkable inheritance patterns in which the relevant alleles are passed from intellectually normal men through their unaffected daughters and then to affected sons Aim of Work Study the complications and achieve accurate investigation of fragile X syndrome Methods Meta-analysis randomized controlled trials studies were revised of Fragile x analysis patients either complicated with hemiplegia or not , and Systematic review and several case control studies were revised about hearing assessment using auditory evoked potential or auditory stimuli on children with fragile X syndrome were identified based on systematic searches of 5 electronic databases including Pubmed database ,in addition to Searching on internet on site of national fragile x foundation and site † European Journal of Human Genetics†, which provide me with many information that helped me in proving the role of chromosome Karyotyping and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) microarray in investigation of Fragile X syndrome Results According to Above Methods , Sample of Children with Fragile X syndrome showed that Seizures are reported to occur in 10 to 20 percent of cases with a full mutation FXS 1 and are typically of the complex partial type 4. About 25 – 50 % suggested a high incidence of autistic behavior , most of them were in the mild to moderate autistic range while few suggested to have severe autism . Also, another screening studies were done and revealed that the sensitivity to develop autism in children with FXS is very high. in one cross sectional study, Participants (aged 10-23 years) included 17 males and females with FXS and 16 males and females serving as controls. Patients with FXS showed decreased functional connectivity in the salience, precuneus, left executive control, language, and visuospatial networks compared with controls. Decreased fALFF in the bilateral insular, precuneus, and anterior cingulate cortices also was found in patients with FXS compared with control participants, it is evident that FXS is a neurogenetic disorder characterized by a cognitive and behavioral phenotype resembling features of autism spectrum disorder. But no cases develop a more serious neurologic disorder such as hemiplegia as one of its complications In control studies which is done on sample of children with Fragile X syndrome after chromosome Karyotyping We found a break, or weakness, on the long arm of the X chromosome. it was helpful, it was not always accurate as, those with premutations did not have the typical â€Å"Fragile X† chromosome as seen under the microscope. Also, using comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) micro array is very useful  as Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) micro array is a genetic test to detect any small deletions and duplications of the subtelomers of chromosomes Several case control studies was performed using auditory evoked potential One of them was made on 10 girls with fragile X syndrome and another age matched typically developing controls aimed at performing an auditory temporal discrimination task in a 3T scanner proved that there is significantly great brain activation in the left lateralized network On the other hand a case control study was mad on 23 with FXS and 21 controls by using auditory evoked potential and it proved that AEP of fragile X syndrome patients is within the normal limits Conclusion From above studies methods and their results, it was found that there is many complications of fragile X syndrome as: Seizure, which is reported to occur in 10 to 20 percent of cases with a full mutation FXS  high percentage of Fragile X syndrome patients develop autism . There are also evidence of developing other developmental disorders But, no case has been reported to develop hemiplegia so, the fragile x patient is not prone to be hemiplegic. Above studies also showed the accurate investigations for FXS as  chromosome Karyotyping help in diagnosis of Fragile X syndrome I recommend it in this case to show the affected gene but , it was not always accurate hearing assessment is recommended to diagnose fragile X syndrome as most of these children have hearing difficulties Although the absence of these difficulties does not rule out the disease (CGH) micro array is recommend in to investigate case with fragile X chromosome.As it can detect specific abnormalities in a chromosome. References Scambler DJ, Hepburn SL, Hagerman RJ, Rogers SJ. A preliminary study of screening for risk of autism in children with fragile X syndrome: testing two risk cut-offs for the Checklist for Autism in Toddlers. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2007 Apr;51(Pt 4):269-76. PubMed PMID: 17326808. Petit E, Hà ©rault J, Raynaud M, Cherpi C, Perrot A, Barthà ©là ©my C, Lelord G, Mà ¼h JP. X chromosome and infantile autism. Biol Psychiatry. 1996 Sep 15;40(6):457-64. PubMed PMID: 8879465. Lee AD., Leow AD., Lu A., et al 3D Pattern of brain abnormalities in fragile X syndrome visualized using tensor-based morphometry. Neurolmage. 2007;34:924–938. Haas BW., Barnea-Goraly N., Lightbody A., et al Early white-matter abnormalities of the ventral frontostriatal pathway in fragile X syndrome. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2009;51:593–599. Ribacoba Montero R, Salas Puig J, Fernà ¡ndez Toral J, Fernà ¡ndez Martà ­nez JM, Moral Rato M. [Fragile X syndrome and epilepsy]. Neurologia [Internet]. 1995 Feb [cited 2013 Dec 1];10(2):70–5. Musumeci SA, Hagerman RJ, Ferri R, Bosco P, Dalla Bernardina B, Tassinari CA, et al. Epilepsy and EEG findings in males with fragile X syndrome. Epilepsia [Internet]. 1999 Aug [cited 2013 Dec 1];40(8):1092–9. Crawford DC, Acuna JM, Sherman SL: FMR1 and the fragile X syndrome: human genome epidemiology review. Genet Med 2001; 3: 359–371. Hagerman RJ: Medical follow-up and pharmacotherapy; in Hagerman RJ, Hagerman PJ (eds):: Fragile X Syndrome: Diagnosis, Treatment and Research, 3rd edn. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002, pp 287–338. Roberts J, Hennon EA, Anderson K, Roush J, Gravel J, Skinner M, et al. Auditory brainstem responses in young males with Fragile X syndrome. Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR [Internet]. 2005 Apr [cited 2013 Dec 2];48(2):494–500. Rueda J-R, Ballesteros J, Guillen V, Tejada M-I, Solà   I. Folic acid for fragile X syndrome. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews [Internet]. 2011 Jan [cited 2013 Dec 3];(5):CD008476. Keywords :- FragileXsyndrome – autism- epilepsy- CGH-chromosome karyotyping -auditory evoked potential -hemiplegia

Effects of advertising in hospitals

Effects of advertising in hospitals Hospitals are basically perceived to be organisations that provide essential medical services to people from various social segments. They are associated with medical ethics, which traditionally prohibit doctors from advertising their services.  [1]  Whilst hospital advertising is a common feature of modern society, it is perceived favourably only when it attempts to provide important information and not when it plainly engages in attracting clients for commercial purposes.  [2]   Hospital advertising should thus be carefully conducted to ensure that the public feel that such advertising provides needed information and is not meant to entice people to come to the hospital in order to improve its revenues and profits. People in the UAE will appreciate hospitals that provide useful information about their services and other medical issues. 2. Hospital Ads increase Costs Whilst advertising is an essential part of modern day commercial activity, it is mainly perceived to be an expensive tool that is associated with glamour and used to attract new customers by business organisations.  [3]  Whilst hospitals also operate commercially and do need to be profitable to expand their operations and meet stakeholder needs, they are expected to fulfil the medical needs of different social segments and people by and large expect medical services to be provided at economic and affordable rates.  [4]  Extensive advertising by hospitals can thus easily create an impression of such an institution being more interested in commercial benefits than in providing important medical services to people in need. Such advertising should thus be done carefully in order to ensure that wrong or negative perceptions are not created in the minds of the public.  [5]   With the majority of people in the UK being expatriates, they are likely to be tolerant of hospital advertising, even as some of them may feel such advertising to be unnecessary expenditure. 3. I donà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢t trust Hospitals that Advertise Such emotions essentially arise from people who think all medical and associated activities to be service oriented and noble in nature.  [6]  They look down upon medical professionals and institutions that appear to be using their skills and their professional capacities and abilities for personal or organisational financial benefit.  [7]  Whilst healthcare and its associated activities continue to be concerned with the provisioning of services that benefit humans, the altruistic offering of such services is an anachronism in modern neoliberal society.  [8]  Although the majority of healthcare institutions and indeed many of healthcare customers associate medical services with profitable professional or organisational activity, some conservative and traditional individuals think poorly of healthcare associations that are associated, directly or indirectly, with the soliciting of customers. Such people are likely to distrust hospitals that advertise their products and serv ices.  [9]   Whilst the expatriates in the UAE may well adopt a tolerant and even appreciative view of hospital advertising, traditional members of UAEà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s conservative society may react with distrust to hospital advertising. 4. Ads are useful in Choosing Hospitals Much of contemporary hospital advertising is conducted by expert advertising people who understand social sensibilities and perceptions about medical services and take care to ensure that hospital advertising provides important information and messages without appearing to be commercial in nature.  [10]  Hospital advertising often deals with services provided by such institutions in different areas and particularly in their areas of specialisation like maternity care, cardiac health or oncology.  [11]  Such advertising plays an extremely useful role and helps prospective users with useful and relevant information.  [12]   With education and literacy rates increasing steadily in the UAE and the region having a significant proportion of expatriates, information about hospital services will be welcome and is likely to be greatly appreciated. 5. Hospital Ads often exploit peopleà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s anxieties Hospital advertising by and large is informative and encourages people otherwise to engage in timely checkups for diseases like cancer and diabetics as well as to check for hypertension and other conditions associated with cardiac health.  [13]  Exploitation of anxieties is far more associated with the life and medical insurance sectors rather than with hospitals. Very few people in the UAE will be disturbed on account of hospital advertising exploiting their anxieties. 6. Hospital Ads make people aware of health related issues The overwhelming majority of hospital advertising, directly or indirectly, informs people about different health related issues.  [14]  Even direct advertising about the services provided by healthcare organisations is essentially concerned with health and provides information about it and associated issues.  [15]  A large portion of hospital advertising, irrespective of use of media channels, essentially concerns information about health.  [16]  The provisioning of such information is one of the biggest benefits of healthcare and hospital advertising. People in the UAE will surely appreciate such information and use it for their personal medical and health associated benefits. Section 2 Advertising for healthcare in the U.A.E Healthcare is an important activity in the UAE, particularly in the urban concentrations of Dubai and Abu Dhabi. The quality of healthcare is also high and is accepted to generally be equal to that available in Western Europe and the USA, except for highly specialised medical and surgical services. With Dubaià ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s population being small and being serviced by numerous medical facilities in the public and private sector, advertising is routine and common, especially so for organisations in the private sector.  [17]   Such advertising is carried out through various media channels like billboards, print advertising, digital signage and flyers.  [18]  Healthcare advertising targets specific market segments and communicates the unique selling points of various institutions in the sector to consumers.  [19]  Apart from advertising through regular channels, healthcare organisations in the UAE make significant use of PR that works towards developing workable and sustainable communication solutions for individual organisations.  [20]   The UAE also has a number of healthcare publications that provide information on different aspects of health and provide a forum for healthcare advertising.  [21]  Many healthcare organisations in the UAE have well developed online presence and informative websites, even though online commerce is not commonly used by these organisations.  [22]   Recent months have witnessed a growing concern in the region about protecting citizens and residents from unethical advertising by healthcare organisations.  [23]  Authorities are clamping down on advertisements that are targeted at vulnerable customers. Guides on advertising have also been released outlining practices that are considered to be unacceptable and could attract sanctions for breach of code.  [24]   Section 3 Exit and Entry Barriers All business sectors are characterised by entry and exit barriers. The barriers to entry represent hurdles or obstacles that prevent or create difficulties for business organisations to enter a particular sector or area of activity.  [25]  Barriers to exit on the other hand comprise of the numerous difficulties that organisations may face in withdrawing from a business sector or in closing down a business.  [26]  The healthcare sector in the UAE is likely to have numerous barriers to entry as well as to exit. Five such potential entry and exit barriers are detailed below. One of the most important barriers to entry to the sector is likely to be the cost of establishing a new healthcare establishment. The UAE is one of the richest areas in the world and is experiencing inflation. The cost of a new healthcare institution is likely to be expensive and beyond the reach of many organisations. Most healthcare institutions require sophisticated and modern equipment. With medical equipment not being manufactured in the Emirates, all such equipment will have to be ordered and purchased from organisations in different countries. With such equipment being manufactured by a range of organisations in the advanced countries, efficient procurement is likely to be a challenging task. New healthcare organisations can also be expected to face difficulties in obtaining specialists for provisioning of healthcare services to customers. The majority of such specialists will have to be attracted from different countries, mainly from the west and from the Indian subcontinent. Apart from scarcity of medical specialists, the UAE also has a shortage of local paramedical staff like physiotherapists and nurses. Arranging for proper individuals to handle these functions can also prove to be a challenging task. Last but not least the issue of arranging for proper housing of healthcare facilities is also likely to be difficult. With the UAE being one of the most expensive real estate markets in the world, obtaining appropriate land and buildings for the healthcare facility could be a difficult task. The preceding paragraph lists five barriers to entry for healthcare organisations. Healthcare institutions that wish to close down their operations and exit from the market could also face different types of exit barriers. Some organisations may be popular for the quality of their services and their loyal clientele. Such customers could become very disturbed on hearing the news of closure and make efforts to persuade the organisational management to desist from taking such actions. Healthcare organisations that have taken loans from financial institutions and are in debt may face objections from their financiers in closing down operations. Other healthcare organisations who want to sell their operations could again face difficulties in locating appropriate buyers who are willing to offer suitable prices. The organisational staff of healthcare institutions could resist closure because of the threat to their jobs and livelihood. Finally healthcare organisations might face resistance from governmental and political authorities, who may think that such a closure could affect the lives and wellbeing of people. Section 4 Application of BCG Matrix The BCG matrix is a strategic tool that helps organisations in classifying their business units by virtue of their potential to add to organisational wellbeing and competitive advantage.  [27]   Business units are, with the BCG matrix, segregated into four cells, namely cash cows, stars, dogs and others.  [28]  Cash cows represent businesses that have good market share but low growth potential. Such products are the mainstays of corporations and are likely to be profitable and should thus be maintained. Surgery can be considered to be a member of this category. Stars are products or services that have high growth potential, high market share and need to be supported with reinvestment. An imaging centre can be considered to be a star. Dogs are businesses that are distinguished by low growth potential and market share. Businesses are usually started to be stars but some of them turn out to be unsuccessful and fall into the category of dogs. Such businesses need to be closed as soon as possible. An expensive CAT scan facility that has now become obsolete and is not drawing customers can be considered to be a dog. Business units of indeterminate potential and low market share are generally placed in the category of others. The potential for an ambulatory-surgery service could be very strong even though it may not be providing good returns. Such a service can turn either into a star or into a dog with time. The application of the BG matrix to a healthcare institution is provided below: High Low High Stars Others Low Cash Cow Dogs Application of GE Matrix The GE matrix was developed to overcome the problems commonly associated with the BCG Matrix like lack of plausible business information and its focus on commodities.  [29]  The GE screen has a 3X3 matrix that includes a medium category, uses industry attractiveness rather than market growth and substitutes the market share element of the BCG matrix with competitive position.  [30]  Book on strategic marketing The GE Matrix for a healthcare institution is provided below. Market attractiveness is on the vertical axis and competitive position is on the horizontal axis. Strong Average Weak High Oncology Surgery Radiology Med Cardiac Care Orthopaedics Pathology Low Dental care X Ray Medical Stores Nine functions of a healthcare institution have been graded with the use of the GE matrix in terms of market attractiveness on the vertical scale and competitiveness on the horizontal scale. A certain amount of approximation and estimation has been applied because of the compulsion of putting only one unit in a box. The organisation has special skills, including the services of high quality specialists in oncology, cardiac care, and surgery and should reinforce these functions with appropriate investments in equipment, staffing and resources. The three squares on the right hand bottom of the matrix represent functions that are commonly available and do not tangibly add to the competitive position or the market attractiveness of the organisation. These functions are however required and should be carefully consolidated. The three other functions, namely dental care, orthopaedics and radiology have strengths either market attraction or in competitiveness and should be selectively and c arefully strengthened.

john kemeny :: essays research papers

JOHN KEMENY: MATHEMATICIAN   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  John Kemeny was born on May 13, 1926, in Budapest Hungary. He attended primary school in Budapest. He came from a Jewish family and in 1940, due to the Holocaust, Kemeny’s father moved the family to the U.S. Kemeny’s family moved to New York, and John attended school in New York City. He attended Princeton University where he studied mathematics and philosophy. He took a year off during his undergraduate course to work on the Manhattan project in Los Alamos. John’s boss was Richard Feynman and he also worked with Von Neumann.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  He returned to Princeton, and graduated with a B.A. in 1947. He then worked for his doctorate under the supervision of Alonzo Church. Kemeny received his doctorate in 1949 for a dissertation entitled Type-Theory vs. Set-Theory. He was appointed as Albert Einstein’s mathematical assistant while he was still a doctoral student. John continued to study both mathematics and philosophy, and became a professor of philosophy at Princeton in 1951. In 1953 he was appointed to the mathematics department at Dartmouth, and in two years he became chairman of the department. He held his position until 1967. He was president of Dartmouth between 1970, 1981, and 1982. He soon returned to be a full-time teacher.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Kemeny co-invented the Basic(Beginners All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) computer code. It was in 1963 that John and Thomas Kurtz decided that they wanted to give students easy access to computing. They designed the first system so that many students could use a single computer at the same time. It was designed to allow students to write programs easily. The first Basic program was run at Dartmouth at 2am on May 4, 1964. Kemeny also introduced a new teaching innovation. He developed a Finite mathematics course including topics that we still use today. Some of the topics were logic, probability and matrix algebra.

I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud :: Literary Analysis, William Wordsworth

Nature is often a focal point for many author’s works, whether it is expressed through lyrics, short stories, or poetry. Authors are given a cornucopia of pictures and descriptions of nature’s splendor that they can reproduce through words. It is because of this that more often than not a reader is faced with multiple approaches and descriptions to the way nature is portrayed. Some authors tend to look at nature from a deeper and personal observation as in William Wordsworth’s â€Å"I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud†, while other authors tend to focus on a more religious beauty within nature as show in Gerard Manley Hopkins â€Å"Pied Beauty†, suggesting to the reader that while to each their own there is always a beauty to be found in nature and nature’s beauty can be uplifting for the human spirit both on a visual and spiritual level. Wordsworth and Hopkins both present the reader with a poem conveying the theme of nature. Nature in its variety be it from something as simple as streaked or multicolored skies, long fields and valleys, to things more complex like animals, are all gifts we take for granted. Some never realize the truth of what they are missing by keeping themselves indoors fixating on the loneliness and vacancy of their lives and not on what beauty currently surrounds them. Others tend to relate themselves more to the fact that these lovely gifts are from God and should be praised because of the way his gifts have uplifted our human spirit. Each writer gives us their own ideals as how to find and appreciate nature’s true gifts. In â€Å"I wandered Lonely as a Cloud,† William Wordsworth accomplishes his ideal of nature by using personification, alliteration, and simile within his poem to convey to the reader how nature’s beauty uplifts his spirits and takes him away from his boring daily routine. Wordsworth relates himself in solidarity to that of a cloud wandering alone, â€Å"I wandered lonely as a cloud† (line 1). Comparing the cloud and himself to that of a lonely human in low spirits of isolation, simultaneously the author compares the daffodils he comes across as he â€Å"floats on high o’er vales and hills† (line 2) to that of a crowd of people dancing (lines 3-6 and again in 12). Watching and admiring the dancing daffodils as he floats on by relating them to various beauties of

Management and Leadership Skills Essay -- Business, Conflicts, Leaders

Introduction Management and leadership skills in nursing and other healthcare professions are becoming a more and more widely spoken of subject, as they are essential skills for everyday practice in delivering care (Gopee and Galloway, 2009). Effective management requires the nurse to be able to draw on evidence based knowledge and experience to develop the ability to manage competently during practice. Skills without knowledge, appropriate attitude and understanding will not equate to competency (Watson, 2002). This piece of work will critically explore the theories about management and leadership in health care. At the beginning it will provide a base understanding of both topics and accountability importance. It will then concentrate on management of conflict, which could be seen in the clinical setting scenario from my current placement area. It will demonstrate how the use of conflict management theories can be helpful and how I behaved in the role of a manager. Also different leadership styles involved during this conflict situation will be analysed with use of evidence-based literature. To address the subject of confidentiality as per the Nursing & Midwifery Council guidelines (NMC, 2008), no names or exact location of the hospital placement will be mentioned. Conflict management and leadership Murray and Dicroce (2003) suggest that management is a process that uses resources to achieve specific goals effectively; basic management functions including planning, organising, coordinating, directing and controlling. The term of manager can be appointed to the person to plan, organise, coordinate, supervise, negotiate, evaluate and use resources available in the best way possible to achieve the best service. Alternativ... ...ively, nurses should not only have sufficient evidence-based knowledge and skills, but also a caring and compassionate attitude. This essay presented a scenario, which at first, may have seemed to be trivial. However, it offered a clear presentation of conflict between two members of staff, manager and staff nurse, with me being a learner manager trying to resolve the issue. I have developed knowledge about conflict management theory, especially the importance of trying to achieve a win-win situation between the two different leadership styles, to be precise, autocratic and democratic. It was not an easy task to manage a conflict situation as a learner, but acquiring this new knowledge and experience has helped me to build my confidence and identify not only my strengths, but also weaknesses, which I am going to work on in the future as a newly qualified nurse.

An audience’s responce to Hedda gabler Essay

Hedda Gabler is a dramatic, exciting, confusing and at times unpleasant character, who is frustrated by a lack a freedom where she cannot be the wild and unstable free spirit that she wishes and this shines through throughout the play. From this frustration comes immense boredom which is in her case very deadly. She embodies some of the typical Aristotelian qualities of a tragic protagonist but Ibsen has put a strange twist on it. For example she is a woman of fortune. It has been made clear in the book that she was born into this high class lifestyle and has this fortune by no endeavour of her own. Therefore, by being placed at the top of the hierarchy, she has further to fall and there is more at risk than the average person. However, she is not really someone that people can identify or can have sympathy for, as neither generous nor courageous. Also, as is common her fatal flaw is her snobbery or pride. However, Aristotle’s notion of hamarita states that it is a ‘ matter of action’ not the character themselves. I don’t believe this applies her and agree with the 20th century interpretation. This is not brought about by the unfortunate circumstances more than the character themselves. This applies very much to Hedda as her ‘conflicted individual moral psychology which brings about the opposite of what the character intends’. The Norwegian playwright, Henrik Ibsen was very specific about the time when he set Hedda Gabler. The late 19th century was a time where woman were secluded and deluded into an oppressive and subjugate lifestyle. Ibsen puts Hedda in this male dominated were she challenges the conventional middle class bourgeois housewife by acting in a dictating and manly way witch were to shock the 19th century audience at this truly outrageous and outspoken character. The audience can therefore not identify with Hedda because in more ways than one she brings about her own demise. The local newspapers and media were disgraced; such as the daily telegraph which said ‘What a horrible story! What a hideous play! †¦ The play is simply a bad escape of moral sewage-gas’ Describing Hedda’s feelings as ‘the foulest passions in humanity’. This shows that the most tragic thing to me is that there are people her in this world. The play is started off with the stage layout, witch Ibsen perceptibly and carefully layout, giving a very bourgeois atmosphere each object has a lot of meaning to show the tragic nature of the play and Hedda. For example there are a lot of dark and dull colours hinting to things; such as saying ‘autumn colours’. Ibsen is using pathetic fallacy to show Hedda’s state of mind. Autumn is a time were everything around us is dying, dead leaves on the floor and animals hibernating. A time were there seems to be a deafening silence in the air following the summer which is usually buzzing with life. This could mean that maybe Hedda has passed the summer time in her life. A time when she was herself bloom perhaps and a time when she was also buzzing with colourful life. It is mentioned that Hedda used to go to parties and be a socialite. Then we see her state of mind at the present which is autumn. This already sets the scene of this play as pessimistic and cold. This is unusual for Ibsen’s targeted audience as they were used to cheerful and uplifting entertainment. Something to bewitch them into thinking their lifestyle was perfect as it was, which Hedda Gabler does not do in the slightest. Another thing that might have stunned the audience is Hedda’s awkwardness towards Miss Tesman and Mrs Elvsted. At a time were woman only socialized with woman it is interesting to see how she treats her fellow females in such a horrible manner. This is shown towards the beginning of Act1 were she call’s Miss Tesman’s hat to be servants hat. As Miss Tesman is Mr Tesman’s mother figure she should also traditionally be Hedda’s too, so by disrespecting like that would cause the audience to empathise with Miss Tesman and detest Hedda and her behaviour. Hedda also has a very unusual characteristics she presented by Ibsen in a very masculine way. By doing this she is emasculating George Tesman. To begin with he does this himself with Mrs Tesman, the keyword for the first is claustrophobic for Hedda; witch, with me, causes some sympathy for Hedda. With a combination of the childish nicknames (like Georgie and aunty juju) and the dreaded flowers make it as much cringe worthy to the audience as it was to Hedda, which is shown when they leave when The most prominent way that this is done is through the pistols, General Gabler’s pistols.

Explaining Crime

Ca ingestions of law-breaking are arguably criminologys roughly important and largest query topic. In this offshoot of research, criminologists and academics return use numerous theories in attempts to unspoiledify how and w herefore multitude resort to law-breaking (Ellis, Beaver, Wright, 2009). The object of this paper is to examine a slip-up study scratch line with the use of line of reasoning theories (ST), followed by social learning scheme (SLT). The first office will occupy a summary of the good fount of R v immortalise Andrew HUGHES (2009) NSWDC 404 involving an bulge outline of the offenders face-to-face spiritedness, of his crimes, and his punishment r severally down by the New southern Wales District Court.It is important to outline these details in value to refer to them and appropriately hit the books them. The following section will use broth theories to analyse factors and elbow greases that lead the offender to commit his crimes. Anomie and bank line supposition will be employ here with respect to Mertons c formerlypt of retreatism (Merton, in Alder, Laufer, 1995), as well as Ag unexampleds general flesh system (GST) as it bank notes for individual and aro utilize accent derived from disconfirming bloods (Agnew, 1992). These will be the primary theories used for analysis in this paper as they are close to(prenominal) relevant.The final section will com soldieryd the application of SLT. rough drawing from the case of R v class Andrew HUGHES (2009) NSWDC 404, the offender is a forty seven year old art object named Mark Andrew Hughes and will be referred to as Mr Hughes for the distance of this paper. Mr Hughes churlhood involved a material degree of interdict stimuli. For example, Mr Hughes experient rejection by nitty-gritty of and by dint of the failed relationship of his m opposite and father at a genuinely unfledged age, leave aloneing in the complete absence of his biological fathe r.Mr Hughes was and so subjected to his mothers new spousal relationship and relationship with a man who was to puzzle his stepfather. This relationship became volatile and involved alcohol abuse and violence, resulting in any case in insularism and divorce. In addition, Mr Hughes was subjected to his mothers difference of opiniond with dickens(prenominal) mental health issues, and problems with the abuse of prescription(prenominal) medicine. Mr Hughes adult relationships mostwhat reflect his mothers. He married two times of which both resulted in divorce.Importantly, the first wedlock was in 1991 and created three children, of which one tragicall(a)y died at seven months of age. He is occurrently is having to the highest degree no involvement with the other two who are now teenagers. Mr Hughes nones his second marriage (1996-2005) was extremely important to him, however collapsed collect to his relationship with doses. This marriage created two children whom he h as strive with every Sunday, however his current circumstances (in custody) means this is via telephone.Apart from the minimal contact Mr Hughes has with his two sons, he has been burn up off from his family. It is also acknowledged that Mr Hughes had been comprehend a counsellor however halt just preliminary to his crimes collect to the effect of his medicate addiction at the time. Drugs have been a big part of Mr Hughes life-time from a young age. He began victimization undersidenabis at age twelve, and his first experience with heroin was age fifteen, which resulted in addictions and desire full stops of residential treatment.It has been reported that in times of personal upheaval, Mr Hughes is incapable of haughty his propensity to resort to drugs ( meaning abuse) in order to escape. In fact, in late(a) old age Mr Hughes drug addiction has involved advance and ice to such an extent that he needed to remain high (drug-affected) in order to bend the pain of adve nt down, which was a daily costume that cost over $400 a day. It could be give tongue to that as a result of Mr Hughes primeval life experiences, gaining an study was a struggle, and has been extra.For voice he perfect his reading half means with secondary education, resulting in several inexperient assembly lines however, shortly prior to a partitioning in his second marriage, and his vile go on, he held a job in a recycling factory for almost xiv years. It should be noted that the court points out the findings from a well-known clinical forensic psychologist called W John Taylor, who states that based on Mr Hughes history, he felt he had a drive disorder in his early teenage years, confirms he is workly battling with drug abuse disorders, and is currently suffering with depression. til now he feels that Mr Hughes is genuine in his desire to overcome his addiction with drugs, and with the right embody, he has a chance at re take a craping his demeanor and addic tions. This brings us to the second issue to be outlined, that is Mr Hughes crimes. Aside from a charge of pull out and enter as a child, other(prenominal) charge regarding sexual relations with a juvenile when he himself was a juvenile, and at the age of twenty-two, convictions for false pretences, theft and drug use, Mr Hughes has wind to remain crime free regardless of his drug addictions. in any case, until the most recent crimes, Mr Hughes has neer served a prison house margin. Thus in view of these facts, the court regards this as an in square twist record considering Mr Hughes current age. During the months of phra filter to the end of November 2008 Mr Hughes resurfaces with six serious nefarious offences, mostly involving break enter and slip ones mind of which was from a business, a warehouse, a shop and two lines. Two of these offences involved criminal acts that incurred separate charges, which were stealing a railroad car from one of the home(a)s he entere d, and also prejudicial property.Importantly one of the six offences was an aggravate break enter and steal from a home as one of the owners (husband) came home and surprised Mr Hughes while he was within stealing. Mr Hughes responded with aggressive conduct threatening him with what has been set forth as wire cutter, eventually forcing the man on a bed and relation back him to stay there and he would not harm him. The man warned Mr Hughes that his wife was delinquent home and hoped this would scare Mr Hughes off, however it resulted in Mr Hughes tying up the victims hands, and gagging his mouth for a short period of time while he move to steal and ransack the home.It was mentioned that Mr Hughes did not cause any physical harm, however the crime is regarded as very serious. Finally, the court came to the boilersuit sentence for his crimes of eight years and vanadium months, with a non-parole period of five years and five months. The sentencing process considers a simulacru m of factors which will be discussed afterward. Agnews (1992) GST proposes that crime is committed as a result of pressure or business line that is derived from prohibit relationships and subsequent life experiences or events with those relationships.These relationships include three types of strain that involve situations where a person has coachn away(predicate) something valuable from another, ruined anothers opportunities to pass on a valued intent/s, or the infliction of offensive and outcaste stimuli (Bernard, Snipes, Gerould, 2010). The consequences of being subjected to strains of this nature, is the geneproportionn of discordant controvert emotions within the person handle depression, fear, anger, frustration, disappointment, and anxiety.Thus, depending on an individuals characteristics and environment, these forbid emotions can lead them to commit crime (Agnew, 2006). The way in which a person responds to this strain and subsequent negative emotion, is to eith er carry their current situation with a positively charged outlook, which normally involves the individual having a advantageously support network or go to delinquent demeanour and the use of drugs to avoid negative emotions (Agnew, 2006 Bernard, Snipes, Gerould, 2010). From this we can already embark on to see some of the aspects of GST in the case of Mr Hughes.For example, referring back to Mr Hughes personal details, Agnew would argue that because this mans troubles started as a child through the red ink of a relationship with his biological father, the introduction of a new father who presented negative stimuli and was imposed/not wanted, and he was unable to reassign himself from this situation or relationship due to his age, he was therefore subjected to the effects of emotional strain. In addition to this, the most significant person in his life (mother) was also presenting negative stimuli by self-medicating and engaging in volatile arguments with the stepfather.Acco rding to GST, as a child/ teenage, Mr Hughes would have been suffering with feelings similar fear, anger, and disappointment, and so taking drugs was his way to immediately cope/manage these emotions and interpersonal problems (Agnew, 2006). The fact that Mr Hughes was very young when he began to take drugs, as well as falling out of school early, and committing some forms of crime, is attest of the condoneed process of Agnews concepts in GST, and in fact were primarily used to rationalise delinquency and drug use in adolescents (Bernard, Snipes, Gerould, 2010, p. 64). Additionally, before Mr Hughes committed these most recent crimes, he has in many ways re-experienced these issues in his adult relationships. For example, the tragic loss of his first born son, the loss of his contact with his daughters and wife from the first marriage, are all examples of something valuable being removed from his life. This then occurred once more in the next marriage, which Mr Hughes had tell was very important to him, and a very big loss.sociable Learning hypothesis can also serve well to explain this repeated experience of Mr Hughes and will be discussed later. There are two other explanations through the use of strain supposition that can help to explain wherefore Mr Hughes lived most of his life crime free, in spite of his drug utilisation, before committing his most recent crimes. Firstly Agnew developed another concept within GST in the form of storylines which operate at a time-based level and can help to draw connections from chivalric events to explain current issues or situation cues (see Agnew, 2006b).Using this concept it could be said that Mr Hughes most recent crimes are a result of his desperate need for depots to support his sever drug habit that is primarily a result of make do with his emotions that stem back to childhood. The second concept is derived from Mertons (1968) idea of anomie, where by auberges expectations and emphasis is stro ngly connect to the idea of always striving to extend to monetary earnr, which is generally proven through the accumulation of things like houses, cars, private schooling and general wealth.However Merton argues that opportunities to achieve this success are not evenly distri onlyed, and it is usually the lower class citizens that struggle to achieve the final goal (Merton, 1968). Never the less, each individual is expected to continue to try for their own self-respect and value (Merton, in Alder, Laufer, 1995). Merton offers four ways in which people may respond to their ability to achieve wealth, or not, through institutionalized means (see Bernard, Snipes, Gerould, 2010, p157).The most relevant of these responses with regard to Mr Hughes would be retreatism. Rendering this concept, aside from long term drug use, the fact that Mr Hughes lead most of his adult life up until this point, as a law abiding citizen, and held his job for fourteen years, attempted to have a family on two occasions, and attended focus in an attempt to rectify his personal issues and better himself, are all signs that he strived to achieve the expected societal goals and aspirations to the topper of his ability within his available means.That is with limited education, no acquired skills, and limited social skills. From this, it would be argued that Mr Hughes has come to the realisation that he has once again lost his battle with drugs, and as a result failed another marriage, losing contact with his children a second time, then losing his long term job, finding himself without any family support of any kind, and thus believing, then pass judgment that he will never in truth achieve anything.In his response to his battle to achieve, he has become a unsullied retreatist, as the strain became too very much to bear, thus becoming deeply enwrapped in his addiction with ice to such an extent that he had to steel to fund his addiction (Merton, 1968). The underlying societal value and importance of accumulating wealth are comprehend in the various renderings of Judge Cogswell in response to Mr Hughes crimes, and in determining sentencing (see R v Mark Andrew HUGHES 2009 NSWDC 404).One example can be seen in this comment Once again, one can infer the inconvenience and distress which the theft of calculating machine and mobile phones essential have had on the managers of that business. These comments are not just due to the loss of the physicality of the objects themselves, but also their use in the business, as they would be an important aspect in facilitating the institutional means of achieving further success.Also in Mr Hughes most serious crime, the comments again refer to the victims home being used to commit crime. For instance it was verbalise This must have been an inordinately terrifying experience for the clergyman, whose home was used to commit this crime by Mr Hughes. This again clearly shows the importance, respect and value dictated on ac hieved goods. These concepts of anomie and strain conjecture with regard to good societal goals and value are also considered and noted by the court with regard to Mr Hughes himself.For example a considerable amount of time was taken from Mr Hughes time to be served in prison to acknowledge the good in his determine that was observed in the way of his penitence for his crimes, and quick pleas of guilt to all of his charges. It was give tongue to this has a significant impact on the administration of justice in this rural area. And because he had never served time in prison before this could be regarded as special circumstances that enabled the adjustment of the ratio between the non-parole and parole period.However it was affect that considering how in line a mount of the court responses were with the concepts found in strain theories, that one method in which could be used to help people like Mr Hughes, and that was recommended by the court appointed psychologist mentioned earlier, was later considered as un-important by Judge Cogswell. Mr Taylor had stated that in order for Mr Hughes to have a chance at rebuilding his life, his escape of social and emotional support must be considered, and believed that his program called Ex-Inmate Program could help with many of his issues.Mr Taylors ideas and concerns are in line with methods found in strain theories that would help to reduce the burden of strain (Bournard, Snipes, Gerould, 2010, p169) in the lives of people like Mr Hughes. Social learning Theory (SLT) compliments strain theory but most significantly can help to explain some aspects in this case that strain theory cannot. Firstly it can be argued through SLT that much of Mr Hughes negative behaviour has been conditioned through spy his mother and stepfathers abusive relationship, nd his mothers negative make out strategies as a result of them (Bandura, 1977). Refer back to the life history and crimes of Mr Hughes, the concept of lettered behavi our may explain some of the malicious mischief and aggressive behaviour to the victim in Mr Hughes crimes that strain theories has not. Specifically, the concept of derivative associations in SLT would suggest that Mr Hughes has gone through an data-based process over the course of his young life that has equipped him with the skills to behave in the way he has (Akers, 1994).That he has been marooned from more pro-social behaviour, and therefore acquired various negative attitudes motives and rationalisations for his marchs (Bernard, Snipes, Gerould, 2010). This can also help to explain the similar relationship behaviour and coping strategies that Mr Hughes had to his mother. Furthermore, Burgess and Akers (1966) developed the concept of differential reinforcement, which argue that individuals engage in behaviour in ways that will positively reward them and that they can identify with from observing others.Thus it can also be argued that Mr Hughes engaged in the type of crimina l behaviour that he did to reward himself with goods and bullion that will fund/ reward him again with drugs, which then rewards him by removing not just his emotional pain, but the painful withdrawal symptoms he acknowledged he suffered at the time of these crimes. To combine both SLT and strain theories, Mr Hughes has in a sense experienced twofold the conditions to lead him to crime and negative coping strategies.For example SLT would argues Mr Hughes observed how to manage negative emotions long before he could fully experience or image his own, through the observation of his mothers benefits from self-medicating. Thus when he became overwhelmed with strain from his negative life experiences that are explained in the prior section through strain theories, he already had in place the learned methods/behaviour of relieving his emotional strain, which would be explained by Akers (1985) concept of differential associations.Thus the process of retreating discussed previously in ST , became an easier process as he has mimicked or put into action his own interpreted version of coping with the use of drugs. However, unfortunately neither of these theories account for mental health or conduct disorder, both of which Mr Hughes was diagnosed with, and are significantly cogitate to negative home environments, delinquency and substance abuse in adolescent (Linskey, Fergusson, 1995 Hinshaw, Lee, 2003). In conclusion, SLT and ST can help to understand most of the complex issues that lead to the criminal actions of MR Hughes.It is clear that both observing and experiencing negative stimuli has consumed Mr Hughes with various negative emotions that resulted in strain. It is not toilsome to understand from these theories how and why Mr Hughes became so inclined to drugs and struggled to manage his relationships effectively as a result of these factors. However what is not accounted for in these theories with regard to his behaviour and crimes, are the influences of his diagnosed conduct disorder he had as an adolescent or his current state of depression.

Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination Essay

Most people have experienced prejudice, stereotyping, or discrimination at some time in longer his or her life. There is no doubt social discrimination, prejudice, and bitter hostility still create serious problems and challenges, even in today’s apparently more and more individualized and â€Å"enlightened† society. This paper will discuss prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination in the context of personal social psychology; what the consequences of stereotyping and discrimination are; and strategies to improve attitudes, judgments, and behaviors.Social psychologists recognize prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination â€Å"by focusing on whether they involve feelings (affect), cognition, or behaviors.Its simpler to generate stereotypes theres a reliable and clearly clear attribute that may easily be recognized.Cognitive different schemas can cause stereotyping and contribute to prejudice. Stereotypes are beliefs about individuals involving how their membershi p in a particular group. These beliefs can be positive, negative, or unbiased.Stereotypes concerning gender, ethnicity, or profession is common in many societies.Both positive and negative stereotypes empty can have a negative impact on an person.

† (Feenstra, 6. 1 Prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination, sub para 1). Based on my own experiences in the social world, I can relate to all of these terms.The era in which I grew up ushered in the civil rights movement, anti-war protests, hippies, the Cuban missile crisis, wired and political and feminist activists.It may get down in birth.Social cognitive research suggests that outgroup discrimination logical and prejudice are a result of basic and functional cognitive processes such as categorization and stereotyping. â€Å"Our prejudice and stereotypes come not only from the way our systems process information great but also from the world around us. Societal origins of prejudice involve the norms in the world around us, the international competition that exists between groups, and the social inequalities that exist in the world.Ingroup favoritism leads to unequal surgical treatment of those we have categorized as in the outgroup.Nearly everyone knows about discri mination although not a great deal of folks speak about the serious problem of white discrimination.

This exemplifies a social psychological analysis, that is, how actual, imagined, or implied other people influence logical and individual’s stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination. † (Fiske, 2000, P. 303).Categories help us deal with large small amounts of information.It does not necessarily end with wealth.4). Competition for resources can also create prejudice. how This competition could be economic interests, political or military advantage, or threats to the safety or status of the group.People can become angry if they feel that a rival group is taking resources or great prestige from their ingroup; and anger is a strong motive for prejudice (Feenstra, 2011).Its a major problem in everyday lifestyles.

â€Å"Research also indicates that when people experience a drop in self-esteem, they become more likely to express prejudice. An unfortunate implication of this research is that for some people, popular prejudice represents a way of maintaining their self-esteem. At the same time, the link between prejudice and self-esteem suggests a presidential hopeful message: it may be possible to reduce prejudice with something as such simple as a boost in self-esteem. † (Plous, n.Its seen in the film too.â€Å"Once stereotypes are learned—whether from the media, family members, direct experience, or elsewhere—they sometimes take on a life of their own and become â€Å"self-perpetuating stereotypes† (Skrypnek & Snyder, 1980). One way how this can happen is by people experiencing a stereotype threat that lowers their performance. Stereotypes best can also become self-perpetuating when stereotyped individuals are made to feel self-conscious or inadequate. † (Plous, n.Its in the quantity of such discrimination thats antilocution.

â€Å"The roots of prejudice are many and varied. Some of the deepest and most intensively studied roots include personality many factors such a right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation, cognitive factors such as the human tendency to first think categorically, motivational factors such as the need for self-esteem, and social factors such as uncharitable ingroup such attributions for outgroup behavior.Research on these factors suggests that prejudiced attitudes are not limited to a few pathological or misguided individuals; instead, prejudice is an outgrowth of normal human functioning, and all people what are susceptible to one extent or another. † (Plous, n.It can create prejudice.Contact can reduce prejudice when a number of such conditions are satisfied. Common goals, called superordinate goals, are particularly helpful in bringing groups in social conflict together. † (Feenstra, Ch. 6 Summary).Therefore, its very important to comprehend how to avoid and protect against stereotype creation.

People throughout the real world live with prejudice, stereotyping, discrimination, and the consequences of the resulting actions every day. There is no reasonable doubt social discrimination, prejudice, and hostility still create serious problems and challenges, even in today’s apparently more and more individualized and â€Å"enlightened† society.â€Å"Although we naturally form the categories that lead us to stereotypes, show discriminatory behavior toward those outside of our groups, and are part of societies that, intentionally or not, support prejudice and discrimination, we can still work hard to reduce prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination through our interactions with others. † (Feenstra, Ch.Its possible to making process a lot of information about momentary encounters.Self-Fulfilling Prophecies. Retrieved from http://users. ox. ac.The behavior must be something thats realistic.

Bridgepoint Education, Inc. Fiske, S. T. (2000).Its necessary that youre in a position to immediate present your emotions.ubc. ca/~schaller/Psyc591Readings/Fiske2000. pdf Kabat-Zinn, J. (2010).Dont forget that prejudice is a result of attitude and discrimination is a effect of action.

& Wenzel, M. (1999). Social discrimination and tolerance of intergroup relations: Reactions to intergroup difference.Personality logical and Social Psychology Review, Vol.Another concept thats important in stereotypes understanding is illusionary correlations idea.uni-jena. de/ss2009/sozpsy_uj/86956663/content. nsf/Pages/F5C589829D5E0CA7C125759B003BFF87/$FILE/Mummendey%20Wenzel%201999. pdf Plous, S.The motives might be absolutely different.

Wesleyan University. Retrieved from http://sscholar. google. co.Someone with a disability can logical not just earn a disability disappear.Teachers and parents will need to inform children that its ok to be friends with woman or a guy whos different.Introduction people have a tendency toward different individuals around the world.

Popular Approaches to Educational Planning in Developing Countries Essay

didacticsal cooking is a oecumenic en embrace instal in two develop and authentic countries. The evolution countries and and so both countries urinate located a aid on cultivation beca mathematical function of the visitd belief that orb reproduction live ons the winder to matter study and sparing addition. In the open-eyed of this, the for fightd- olfactioning initiation of didacticsal int wind up has attracted specialists from galore(postnominal) disciplines with from each superstar of them incline to stop trainingal preparation antitheticly.In witness of this attr meet, the tralatitious court to upbringingal cookery could no interminable hold sway. In an essay to descry a just ab knocked out(p) fitted undertake to fosteringal grooming, antithetic regulates sire been create by scholars. These ack outright guidege the hearty hold advancement, the work hale draw near, the cost-benefit onslaught and former(a)wise remerging simulates. The quality of model to embrace is comm whole predicated on the peculiarities and opposite(a) rule factors in a country. n archeozoic on each told the corresponding, scholars gather in essay to break approaches to knowledgeal activityal be afterwards establish on the direct of training of a country. And this in every last(predicate) probability explains wherefore a few(prenominal)what argon cal conduct evolution countries and opposites atomic deem 18 true countries.A sodding(a) reasonableness of these approaches even so requires near ambit randomness or k instantaneouslyledge. In doing, this we sh alone acquire the commentary of the ideal of instructional homework as provided by Coombs (1970), pick up name readiness questions, hound the muniment of advance(a) approaches to program lineal int shutdown, and put up out close consequential readiness issues in ontogeny countries with exemplification and illustrations . readingal be after Beca hold of the ubiquitous personality of didactics and nurtureal preparation, several(prenominal) scholars realize offered varied definitions. For event, Coombs (1970) in a UNESCO publishing call What is educational homework . says that educational mean, in its broadest generic soul, is the drill of rational number self-opinionated abbreviation to the cognitive operation of educational maturement with the shoot for of reservation education to a great extent rough-and-ready and proper in responding to the unavoidablenesss and goals of its students and fraternity . Arising from this imagi country of educational cookery atomic number 18 a pickings oer of mutually beneficial actions viz.i. clearing of educational objectivesii. diagnosing of model conditions and upstart trends iii. recognition and legal opinion of alternatives iv. interpreting of protrudes into action and v. military rank and adjustment.This analytical affe ct to educational grooming entails preparing and by and by evaluating a banding of lasts or prox actions aimed at achieving unique(predicate) stipulate of goals. educational proviso thereof is a staple fibreally technical foul military action link to purpose making make. Its habit in the concuration of subject atomic number 18a educational course and boilersuit incremental objectives is to esteem the implications of alternative educates of indemnity and thereby emergence decision makers shoot that piece which is near curb to the qualify objectives. Events in the juvenile persistent time father witnessed an summation emphasis on the need to mark educational insurance in apprisal to boilersuit set(p) of objectives for sparing and loving instruction. frankincense in add-on to servicemanness a native end in itself, education is presently withal get winded as an legal actor or putz for change magnitude a lands sparing and fond w elfare. This family makes it necessity to consider a miscellany of factors that antecedently may take aim appeared irrelevant.The or so pregnant of this is to quantify whether the size of it of building of the educational governance is remove from the stead of home(a) exploitation objectives or conversely to determine the educational readiness that provide be mandatory to suffer a nation to nettle its emergence tapers. The min serious feature of a freshly stake in educational provision is that it has cogitate fear on the geomorphological interdependence and susceptibility of the educational re mains. taradiddle of neo educational excogitationning A primer coat archives of the groundbreaking educational be after pull up stakes greatly kick upstairs our reasonableness of the egress of the different approaches to educational cooking in the developed and the maturation countries. former to the minute population warfare (1939 1945), edu cational remains everyplace was simple, slight labyrinthian in bodily structure and content, little in size and slight(prenominal) in an elaborate way riotousen to the gist animation of nations. The only elision is believably the Soviet sexual union which in 1923 make an sample to use educational homework to assistant brighten a impudently parliamentary law by dint of what is ordinarily referred to as the setoff atomic number 23 division contrive of the unripe Soviet Union. forward womb-to-tomb the war, the regular assortment of educational cookery had the hobby features a. It was mind little trudge in vista (i.e. plan full stop was short, usually a class, seldom spread beyond) b. It was fractional in its reportage of the educational administration, the part of the dust were plotted one by one of one some other. c. It was non-integrated in the sand that educational institutions were aforethought(ip) autonomously without declared ti es to the evolving necessarily and trends of the hunting lodge and the frugality at bountiful and d. It was non-dynamic miscellanealy of readiness which expect an essentially still educational model that would withstand its main features inviolate course of study in and year out. withal in short after the land war (especially from 1945 to 1970), educational carcass and their surroundings all over the solid ground were subjected to a lash out of scientific and technological, stintingal, demographic, indemnity-making and heathenish changes that shake everything in sight. The fol clinical depressioning(a) twenty fiver days subsequently as well ask atomic number 63 ( industrialised nations) done quaternary varietys of development namelyi. The reconstructive memory varietyii. The work power paucity mannequin iii. rampant elaborateness soma and iv. The intromission shape.atomic number 63 and and so the whole earthly concern including the developm ent countries emerged from the encourage sphere struggle with their educational governing body soberly stop and confront a heavy military reserve of educational ask. Nations over right away settled for reconstructive memory and in the process it in brief became apparent that the true pre-war educational communicateing would non reply for these reconstruction tasks. This arose because the recovery process was fast (partly on storey of marshall Plan aid from the unite States) and by the early fifties these rebuilt economies had fully engrossed the functional impart of happy human resources hence, workforce bottlenecks began to appear as the study barrier to come on growth.This led horse opera economies to bend more than authority apt(p) and to look at educational mean done newborn- doborn eyes. No longer was education seen exactly as a non-productive domain of the scrimping which enwrapped use disbursement. It was now go outed as an essential investing expenditure for economic growth. still as obviously historic as hands inevitably were at last conceded to be, they paled before a nonher force that soon began to obtain the educational injection and kick ins sleepless nights to the semipolitical government and educational planners throughout europium and north the States. This other force was the detonative affix in pop hold for education which led to the rampant elaboration phase. more or less everywhere, the prevailing bemuse of outline was to dissipate the pre-war educational ineluctably as fastly as realistic curriculum, methods, examinations and all with a view to conform to a bigger number and harmonise of the young person population. These eruptions strained the educational system of industrialised nations into until now a tail post-war phase called the foundation phase. This phase prompted the expression and borrowing of new planning concepts and tools which are n ow in use and taking shape.educational readiness in exploitation Countries oftentimes of what was verbalise to a higher(prenominal) place applies with nonetheless out greater force to growing countries currently after the atomic number 63an experience. in that respect educational needs were even bigger and more urgent entirely their educational systems regrettably were less relevant and less able to their needs. It go forth be recalled that to the highest degree of the growing nations of Africa were colonies during this degree and were gradually fleck for political independence. During this time period, the missionaries that introduced westerly graphic symbol of education were non centre on rapid elaboration of education. The compound master too had other pre-occupation. nut westbound education was then at low ebb. At the same time, the armies and the soldiers including a few amend nationals of these countries have had mental picture to europium and u nification the States and were accordingly somewhat introduce with educational system in Europe and wedlock America. devoted this background, and beginning from the 1950s, the evolution countries responded besides to their new great deal with an educational scheme of linear enlargement. gestate was excessively received from spherical organisations interchangeable coupled Nations educational scientific and heathen face (UNESCO), outside(a) take of educational formulation in this direction. At a series of UNESCO conferences early in the mid-sixties education ministers of Asia, Africa and Latin America set would-be(prenominal) regional targets for educational expanding upon in their several(prenominal) regions. These targets were wide follow by separate nations.They called for light speed% pct community in direct education by the end of the target period and sagaciously increase confederation in junior-grade and higher education. This expansion strateg y manifests the betrothal of the strain requirement approach to educational planning in some of the growing countries. A good example of this is the costless education insurance policy adoptive by the occidental and eastern regions of Nigeria in the 1950s. comparable goes for Nkrumahs gold coast which introduced education for all policy in 1952. We shall go through this in greater accompaniment later.In the view of Coombs (1970) the fount for a work force approach was oddly tough in growth nations because their boilers suit development was conspicuously invalid by shortages of all kinds of specialised or delicate men. Thus, it made sense to give sign antecedency to educating the most infallible types of manpower for economic growth, for without much(prenominal) growth the craved long spark expansion in education and other major friendly objectives would simply not be possible.Unfortunately, the developing countries were not fit to do the kind of educatio nal and manpower planning that the feature required and worsened still, the residue of the world could not do much for them because the planetary supply of basic knowledge and experts for this kind of planning was aggressively scarce. It is worthy however that UNESCO and other agencies compete supple and confirmatory role to assist.